Cents and Half Cents
Liberty Cap Half-Cent 1793-1797
Historical Context and Overview
The Liberty Cap half cent was minted from 1793 to 1797, making it one of the earliest U.S. coin series. The Coinage Act of 1792 authorized the creation of the half cent as the smallest denomination of U.S. currency, valued at one-half of a cent or 1/200th of a dollar. The half cent was primarily intended for everyday transactions, providing a convenient unit of exchange in a fledgling economy where small change was essential.
Design and Designers
The Liberty Cap half cent is renowned for its distinctive design, which is heavily influenced by classical and contemporary symbolism of freedom.
1793 Liberty Cap Half Cent (Head Facing Left):
Designer: Henry Voigt, the first Chief Coiner of the United States Mint, is credited with the design of the 1793 Liberty Cap half cent. Voigt's design features Lady Liberty facing left, adorned with a Phrygian cap (often referred to as a "liberty cap"), which is mounted on a pole. The cap is a classical symbol of freedom and was adopted from Roman and French revolutionary iconography.
Design Details: The obverse shows Liberty with flowing hair, a simplistic yet powerful depiction. The reverse features a wreath encircling the denomination "HALF CENT," with "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" around the edge and "1/200" below.
1794-1797 Liberty Cap Half Cent (Head Facing Right):
Designer: Robert Scot, who became the Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint after Voigt, redesigned the Liberty Cap half cent in 1794. Scot’s version turned Liberty's head to the right, offering a more refined and elegant portrayal compared to Voigt's original.
Design Details: The obverse in this variety presents a more detailed and aesthetically refined depiction of Liberty. The reverse design remained consistent with the earlier version, featuring the denomination within a wreath.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1793 Liberty Cap Half Cent (Head Facing Left):
Rarity: This is the rarest and most sought-after variety of the Liberty Cap half cents, with only approximately 35,000 coins minted. Given its status as the inaugural half cent and its limited mintage, it holds a place of great significance in American numismatics.
Varieties: There are subtle variations in the lettering and die alignment within the 1793 issue, which further intrigue collectors. For instance, the "High Relief" variety is particularly desirable.
1794 Liberty Cap Half Cent (Head Facing Right):
Rarity: The 1794 half cent saw a significant increase in production with around 81,600 coins minted. Although more common than the 1793 version, it is still considered a key date.
Varieties: Notably, there are several known die varieties for the 1794 half cent, including differences in the length of Liberty's hair and the shape of the wreath on the reverse.
1795 Liberty Cap Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1795 half cent had a mintage of approximately 139,000, making it somewhat more accessible to collectors.
Varieties: There are interesting varieties, such as the "Plain Edge" and "Lettered Edge" versions, which refer to differences in the edge inscriptions or lack thereof. Some varieties also feature noticeable die cracks, which add to their appeal.
1796 Liberty Cap Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1796 issue is one of the scarcest in the series, with only about 1,390 coins struck. Its extreme rarity makes it one of the key dates in the Liberty Cap series and highly coveted by numismatists.
Varieties: There are two major varieties for 1796, differentiated by the style of the pole holding the cap—one has a "No Pole" and the other a "With Pole" variety. The "No Pole" variety is particularly rare and valuable.
1797 Liberty Cap Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1797 half cent was minted in smaller quantities, with about 127,840 produced. This date also marks the last year of the Liberty Cap design.
Varieties: The 1797 issues feature several die varieties, including differences in the size of the digits in the date and the spacing of the letters. The "Low Head" variety, where Liberty's head is positioned lower than usual, is one of the more notable variants.
Interesting Historical Facts
Mintage Challenges: The early U.S. Mint faced numerous challenges, including a shortage of high-quality copper, which affected the consistency and quality of early half cent coinage. The crude equipment and inexperienced workforce also contributed to various die varieties and imperfections, which are of significant interest to collectors today.
Liberty Cap Symbolism: The Phrygian cap on the Liberty Cap half cent is a powerful symbol that links the coin to the broader ideals of freedom and democracy. The cap had been used historically to represent emancipated slaves in ancient Rome and was later adopted by revolutionaries in France and America.
Collectibility: Due to their historical significance, rarity, and variety, Liberty Cap half cents are highly prized in the numismatic community. They are considered foundational pieces for those specializing in early American coinage.
Draped Bust Half-Cent 1800-1808
Historical Context and Overview
The Draped Bust half cent followed the Liberty Cap design, marking a shift in the stylistic approach of American coinage. The Draped Bust design was used on various denominations during this period, symbolizing a more mature and refined national identity.
Design and Designers
Designer: Gilbert Stuart (Obverse Portrait)
The Draped Bust design was introduced in 1796 on silver and copper coins. The obverse features a portrait of Liberty, adapted from a drawing by the prominent American portraitist Gilbert Stuart. Stuart’s portrayal of Liberty was intended to personify the ideals of the young Republic—dignity, strength, and beauty.
The original sketches were likely converted into coinage designs by Robert Scot, the Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint, who was responsible for translating Stuart's artwork into a workable coinage design.
Design Details:
Obverse: The obverse of the Draped Bust half cent showcases a right-facing Liberty with flowing hair, draped in a simple, classical garment. The date appears below the bust, with the inscription "LIBERTY" above and stars flanking either side (with varying numbers depending on the year).
Reverse: The reverse features a wreath encircling the denomination "HALF CENT," with the words "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" around the periphery. The wreath is tied with a bow at the bottom, and its design varies slightly between years.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1800 Draped Bust Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1800 half cent is a significant year, marking the first Draped Bust half cent. Approximately 202,000 were minted, making it a relatively common date within the series.
Varieties: The 1800 half cent features notable die varieties, including differences in the size and spacing of the date and the details in Liberty's hair and the wreath. The "Normal Date" and "Overdate" (1800/1798 and 1800/1799) varieties are particularly of interest to collectors.
1802/0 Draped Bust Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1802/0 overdate is one of the most famous and desirable varieties in the entire Draped Bust series. Only about 20,266 were minted, and the overdate (where a 2 is punched over a 0 in the date) adds to its numismatic allure.
Varieties: There are several die states of the 1802/0 overdate, some showing the overdate more prominently than others. This coin is considered one of the key dates in the series due to its rarity and the dramatic nature of the overdate.
1804 Draped Bust Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1804 half cent is another key date, with only 1,055 coins minted, making it the rarest regular issue Draped Bust half cent. The low mintage was due to a combination of economic factors and minting challenges.
Varieties: While there are no significant die varieties, the extreme rarity of this date makes it highly sought after by advanced collectors.
1805 Draped Bust Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1805 half cent had a higher mintage of around 814,464 coins, making it more common than the 1804 issue but still a key date due to its age.
Varieties: Several varieties exist for this year, particularly in the size and positioning of the date and the details of the reverse wreath.
1806 Draped Bust Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1806 half cent is notable for its variety of overdates and other die anomalies. Approximately 356,000 coins were minted.
Varieties: The most famous variety from this year is the 1806/5 overdate, where a 6 is punched over a 5. There are also "Large 6" and "Small 6" varieties, which refer to differences in the size of the digits in the date.
1807 Draped Bust Half Cent:
Rarity: This year marks the end of the Draped Bust half cent series, with a mintage of 476,000 coins.
Varieties: The 1807 half cent is known for a variety that shows a "Small 7" in the date, which is less common than the regular "Large 7" variety.
Interesting Historical Facts
Minting Challenges: The production of half cents during the early 1800s was fraught with challenges. The U.S. Mint, still in its infancy, dealt with issues such as inconsistent quality of planchets, die deterioration, and the sporadic availability of copper. These challenges resulted in the numerous die varieties that are now a point of interest for collectors.
Overdates and Die States: The overdates found in Draped Bust half cents, such as the 1802/0 and 1806/5, are a direct result of the Mint’s practice of repurposing older dies to save resources. These overdates are highly prized by collectors for their clear evidence of the Mint's economizing efforts.
Cessation and Legacy: The Draped Bust design was replaced in 1809 by the Classic Head design. However, the Draped Bust half cent remains an essential part of early U.S. numismatics, reflecting the nation’s growing pains and the Mint’s evolving capabilities.
Classic Head Half-Cent 1809-1836
Historical Context and Overview
The Classic Head half cent was introduced in 1809, following the Draped Bust design. This new design marked a shift towards a more neoclassical and modern representation of Liberty, reflective of the evolving American identity. The Classic Head series was produced intermittently from 1809 to 1836, with several notable gaps in production.
Design and Designer
Designer: John Reich
The Classic Head design is attributed to John Reich, a German-born engraver who was hired by the U.S. Mint in 1807. Reich was brought in to assist Robert Scot, the Mint’s Chief Engraver, who was facing health challenges. Reich’s design for the Classic Head series was part of a broader initiative to update the nation's coinage.
Reich’s portrait of Liberty is characterized by a more youthful and contemporary appearance compared to the earlier Draped Bust design. The design is sometimes referred to as the “Turban Head,” due to Liberty’s headband, which resembles a classical fillet.
Design Details:
Obverse: The obverse of the Classic Head half cent features a left-facing Liberty with flowing hair, secured by a headband inscribed with the word "LIBERTY." The date is prominently displayed below the bust. Thirteen stars surround Liberty, symbolizing the original thirteen colonies.
Reverse: The reverse design consists of the denomination "HALF CENT" encircled by a laurel wreath. The inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" surrounds the wreath. The reverse design was simple yet effective, reflecting the classical influences of the period.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1809 Classic Head Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1809 issue is the first year of the Classic Head series, with a relatively modest mintage of approximately 1,154,572 coins. While not the rarest of the series, it is significant as the inaugural issue.
Varieties: The 1809 half cent features notable varieties, including differences in the size and positioning of the date. The "Large 0" and "Small 0" varieties, referring to the size of the digit "0" in the date, are particularly of interest to collectors.
1811 Classic Head Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1811 half cent is one of the rarest and most desirable dates in the series, with a mintage of only around 63,140 coins. This low mintage, combined with the coin's age, makes it a key date for collectors.
Varieties: The 1811 half cent is known for the "Wide Date" and "Close Date" varieties, which refer to the spacing of the digits in the date. Both varieties are scarce, but the "Close Date" is particularly rare.
1825 Classic Head Half Cent:
Rarity: After a hiatus from 1812 to 1824, the half cent was reintroduced in 1825 with a mintage of approximately 63,000 coins. This year is notable for its low mintage and the renewed interest in the denomination.
Varieties: The 1825 half cent features the "Normal Date" and the rarer "Overdate" (1825/4) variety, where a "5" is struck over a "4." The overdate is especially prized by numismatists for its historical significance.
1826 Classic Head Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1826 issue is another key date in the series, with a mintage of just 234,000 coins. It is notable for being one of the first years after the reintroduction of the half cent.
Varieties: The 1826 half cent has several varieties, including the "Normal Date" and "1826/5 Overdate." The overdate variety is particularly scarce and is a key target for specialists in the series.
1831 Classic Head Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1831 half cent is a particularly interesting issue due to its mintage of only 2,200 coins, making it one of the rarest dates in the Classic Head series.
Varieties: While there are no major die varieties for this year, the extreme rarity of the 1831 half cent makes it a highly sought-after piece for advanced collectors.
1836 Classic Head Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1836 half cent marks the final year of the Classic Head series, with a relatively high mintage of around 400,000 coins. Despite its higher mintage, it holds significant historical importance as the last of its kind.
Varieties: The 1836 issue has "Normal Date" varieties, but what makes it particularly interesting is its role as the end of the Classic Head era, transitioning to the Braided Hair design that would follow in 1840.
Interesting Historical Facts
Minting Challenges: The production of Classic Head half cents was sporadic, with gaps in mintage reflecting the fluctuating demand for the denomination and the economic conditions of the early 19th century. The U.S. Mint faced difficulties in sourcing high-quality copper, which contributed to the inconsistent production of these coins.
Die Usage and Overdates: The U.S. Mint often reused old dies to conserve resources, leading to numerous overdate varieties in the Classic Head series. These overdates, such as the 1825/4 and 1826/5, are a direct result of the Mint's economizing efforts and are a point of great interest for numismatists.
Transition to Braided Hair Design: The Classic Head design was eventually replaced by the Braided Hair design in 1840. The Classic Head half cents remain a crucial link between the earlier Draped Bust series and the later Braided Hair coins, representing the evolving artistic and technical capabilities of the U.S. Mint.
Braided Hair Half-Cent 1840-1857
Historical Context and Overview
The Braided Hair half cent was introduced in 1840, replacing the Classic Head design. This series marked the final chapter of the half cent denomination, which had been in circulation since 1793. The Braided Hair design coincided with the broader shift towards more refined and standardized designs in American coinage, reflecting advancements in minting technology and the influence of neoclassical art.
Design and Designer
Designer: Christian Gobrecht
Christian Gobrecht, the third Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint, designed the Braided Hair half cent. Gobrecht was a prolific and influential figure in American coinage, known for his work on several important designs, including the Seated Liberty series.
Gobrecht’s Braided Hair design is characterized by a more mature and refined portrayal of Liberty, reflecting the evolving aesthetic preferences of the mid-19th century.
Design Details:
Obverse: The obverse of the Braided Hair half cent features a right-facing bust of Liberty with a neatly braided hair bun, tied with a ribbon. The headband bears the inscription "LIBERTY," and the coin is surrounded by thirteen stars, representing the original thirteen colonies. The date appears prominently at the bottom of the coin.
Reverse: The reverse design is simple yet elegant, with the denomination "HALF CENT" encircled by a laurel wreath. The words "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" surround the wreath, and a large dot separates the words "HALF" and "CENT."
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1840 Braided Hair Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1840 half cent is the inaugural issue of the Braided Hair series, with a relatively low mintage of approximately 39,812 coins. This year marks the transition from the Classic Head design and is thus of historical significance.
Varieties: There are minor die variations in the 1840 half cent, including differences in the spacing and positioning of the stars and date, though none are particularly rare.
1842 Braided Hair Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1842 half cent is a key date in the series, with a mintage of just 55,358 coins. Its relative scarcity makes it highly desirable among collectors.
Varieties: This issue features the "Small Date" and "Large Date" varieties, which are differentiated by the size and style of the digits in the date. The "Small Date" variety is notably rarer and more valuable.
1845 Braided Hair Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1845 half cent had a modest mintage of approximately 39,864 coins, making it another relatively scarce issue within the series.
Varieties: The 1845 half cent is known for the "Small 5" and "Large 5" varieties, referring to the size of the digit "5" in the date. The "Small 5" variety is particularly rare and sought after by numismatists.
1849 Braided Hair Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1849 half cent has an interesting numismatic history, with a mintage of around 39,864 coins. This year is notable for the variety known as the “Small Date” and “Large Date.”
Varieties: The "Small Date" variety is considered more desirable due to its lower production numbers and aesthetic appeal.
1852 Braided Hair Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1852 half cent is notable for its higher mintage of approximately 147,672 coins, making it more accessible to collectors.
Varieties: There are no significant die varieties for this year, though the quality of the strike can vary, with some coins exhibiting more detailed hair strands and wreath elements.
1855 Braided Hair Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1855 half cent is a key date with a mintage of only 56,500 coins. It is one of the rarer dates in the series and is highly sought after by collectors.
Varieties: The 1855 half cent is known for its "Slanting 5" and "Upright 5" varieties, with the "Slanting 5" being the rarer and more desirable.
1857 Braided Hair Half Cent:
Rarity: The 1857 half cent is the final year of the series and the denomination itself, with a mintage of 35,180 coins. This date holds historical significance as it marks the end of the half cent in U.S. coinage.
Varieties: The 1857 half cent does not have major varieties, but its significance as the last of its kind makes it an essential piece for any advanced collection.
Interesting Historical Facts
Economic Context: By the 1850s, the half cent had become increasingly impractical due to inflation and the rising cost of goods. The denomination’s purchasing power had diminished, leading to decreased demand and eventual discontinuation in 1857.
Minting Practices: The Braided Hair half cents were struck at a time when the U.S. Mint had improved its equipment and techniques, leading to more consistent coinage quality. However, variations still exist due to the hand-cut dies and the Mint’s practice of reusing dies when possible.
Finality of the Series: The discontinuation of the half cent in 1857 marked the end of an era in U.S. coinage. The half cent had served as a practical denomination in the early years of the Republic, but changing economic conditions rendered it obsolete. Its final issue in 1857 coincided with the broader trend towards decimalization and the streamlining of U.S. currency.
Flowing Hair Large Cent 1793-1796
Historical Context and Overview
The Flowing Hair large cent was introduced in 1793, following the establishment of the United States Mint under the Coinage Act of 1792. This act authorized the production of coins ranging from the half cent to the gold eagle. The large cent was valued at one cent and was intended for everyday transactions. The Flowing Hair design was the first cent produced by the Mint, symbolizing the fledgling nation’s independence and self-sufficiency.
Design and Designer
Designer: Henry Voigt
Henry Voigt, the Chief Coiner of the U.S. Mint, is credited with the design of the original 1793 Flowing Hair large cent. Voigt’s design reflects the artistic influences of the late 18th century, drawing from neoclassical themes that were popular in both Europe and America.
The Flowing Hair design is characterized by its simplicity and raw representation of Liberty, reflecting both the ideals and the limitations of the early Mint’s capabilities.
Design Details:
Obverse: The obverse of the Flowing Hair large cent features a bust of Liberty facing to the right, with flowing hair symbolizing freedom. The word "LIBERTY" appears above, and the date is positioned below the bust. The simplicity of the design, combined with the expressive depiction of Liberty, made it a powerful symbol of the new nation.
Reverse: The reverse features a chain of 15 links encircling the denomination "ONE CENT," with the inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" around the border. The 15 links represent the original 13 colonies plus the two new states that had joined the Union by that time: Vermont and Kentucky.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1793 Flowing Hair Large Cent (Chain Reverse):
Rarity: The 1793 Chain cent is the first large cent ever produced by the U.S. Mint, with a mintage of approximately 36,103 coins. Its rarity and historical significance make it one of the most coveted coins in American numismatics.
Varieties: There are several notable varieties of the 1793 Chain cent, including:
AMERI. Reverse: The first variety features the abbreviation "AMERI." instead of "AMERICA" on the reverse. This variety is particularly rare and valuable due to its status as the very first large cent struck.
Normal Chain Reverse: This variety has the full "AMERICA" inscription and is the most common among the 1793 Chain cents, though still extremely valuable.
Historical Note: The Chain cent was quickly criticized for the perceived harshness of its design, particularly the chain, which some saw as symbolizing oppression rather than unity. This led to the rapid redesign of the reverse.
1793 Flowing Hair Large Cent (Wreath Reverse):
Rarity: The Wreath cent, also minted in 1793, was a redesign following the controversy over the Chain cent. Approximately 63,353 Wreath cents were minted, making it somewhat more common than the Chain cent but still highly prized.
Varieties: Key varieties include:
Vine and Bars Edge: The first coins had a decorative edge featuring a vine and bars pattern. This variety is slightly more common than the later types.
Lettered Edge: Later in 1793, the edge was changed to include the inscription "ONE HUNDRED FOR A DOLLAR." These coins are rarer and hold particular interest for collectors.
Historical Note: The Wreath design on the reverse was intended to be more aesthetically pleasing and symbolically positive than the Chain design. It was received more favorably by the public.
1794 Flowing Hair Large Cent:
Rarity: The 1794 Flowing Hair large cent had a large mintage of about 918,521 coins, making it more common than the 1793 issues. However, several rare varieties exist, making certain 1794 cents highly valuable.
Varieties: The 1794 large cent is known for its extensive die varieties, including:
Head of 1793: This variety features a portrait of Liberty similar to the 1793 design, but with slight modifications. It is rare and highly sought after.
Starred Reverse: A particularly famous and rare variety features tiny stars between the denticles on the reverse. Only a few examples of this variety are known to exist, making it one of the most coveted large cents.
Historical Note: The 1794 large cent marks the first full year of production for the series, with several experimental designs and die varieties, reflecting the Mint’s efforts to refine its coinage.
1795 Flowing Hair Large Cent:
Rarity: The 1795 large cent had a mintage of approximately 501,500 coins. While more common than earlier years, certain varieties are scarce and of great interest to collectors.
Varieties: The 1795 large cent is known for:
Jefferson Head: This rare variety is so named because the portrait of Liberty resembles Thomas Jefferson. Only a few examples are known, making it extremely valuable.
Lettered and Plain Edge: Coins from 1795 come in both lettered edge and plain edge varieties. The lettered edge version is rarer.
Historical Note: The 1795 cent is notable for being part of the ongoing development of the Flowing Hair design, which continued to evolve as the Mint experimented with different styles and techniques.
1796 Flowing Hair Large Cent:
Rarity: The 1796 Flowing Hair cent is one of the rarest in the series, with a mintage of approximately 109,825 coins. It marks the final year of the Flowing Hair design before the introduction of the Draped Bust series.
Varieties: Significant varieties include:
LIHERTY Error: One of the most famous varieties is the "LIHERTY" error, where the "B" in "LIBERTY" is erroneously struck as an "H." This error variety is rare and highly sought after.
Reverse of 1794: Some 1796 cents feature a reverse die originally used in 1794, making these coins particularly interesting to collectors.
Historical Note: The 1796 cent is the last of the Flowing Hair series, marking the end of this early chapter in U.S. coinage. The errors and varieties from this year are particularly valuable due to their rarity and historical significance.
Interesting Historical Facts
Public Reception: The Flowing Hair design, particularly the Chain cent, faced mixed reactions from the public. While the design was intended to symbolize unity and strength, the chain was interpreted by some as a symbol of bondage, leading to its quick replacement by the Wreath design.
Early Minting Challenges: The early U.S. Mint faced numerous challenges in producing these coins, including inconsistent quality of planchets, primitive equipment, and limited experience among the Mint's staff. These factors contributed to the numerous die varieties and errors found in the Flowing Hair large cents.
Symbolism of the Chain and Wreath: The Chain reverse was intended to represent the strength and unity of the states, while the Wreath reverse symbolized peace and prosperity. These symbolic choices reflect the broader ideals and concerns of the early Republic.
Draped Bust Cent 1796-1807
Historical Context and Overview
The Draped Bust cent was introduced in 1796, following the Flowing Hair design, which had been in use since the inception of U.S. coinage in 1793. The new design reflected a shift towards a more refined and classical representation of Liberty, aligning with the neoclassical artistic trends of the time. The Draped Bust cent was struck in various forms until 1807, when it was replaced by the Classic Head design.
Design and Designer
Designer: Robert Scot
Robert Scot, the first Chief Engraver of the United States Mint, is credited with the design of the Draped Bust cent. Scot was an experienced engraver and played a key role in the development of early American coinage.
The obverse design of the Draped Bust cent was likely inspired by a drawing by Gilbert Stuart, a prominent American portraitist. The design reflects a more mature and graceful depiction of Liberty compared to the earlier Flowing Hair design.
Design Details:
Obverse: The obverse features a right-facing bust of Liberty with her hair tied with a ribbon, flowing down her back. The bust is "draped" with a simple garment, hence the name "Draped Bust." The word "LIBERTY" appears above the bust, with the date below, and stars flanking Liberty, representing the original states of the Union.
Reverse: The reverse design consists of a simple wreath encircling the denomination "ONE CENT," with the words "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" around the edge. The wreath design varies slightly over the years, with different styles of leaves and ties.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1796 Draped Bust Cent:
Rarity: The 1796 Draped Bust cent is the first year of issue and is one of the most sought-after dates in the series. Approximately 109,825 cents were minted in 1796.
Varieties:
LIHERTY Error: One of the most famous varieties is the "LIHERTY" error, where the "B" in "LIBERTY" appears as an "H" due to a die blunder. This error is highly prized by collectors for its rarity and the intriguing story behind it.
Reverse of 1794: Some 1796 cents were struck with a reverse die originally used in 1794, making them particularly interesting to collectors. These are relatively rare and command a premium.
Historical Note: The 1796 cent marks the transition from the Flowing Hair to the Draped Bust design, reflecting the Mint’s ongoing efforts to refine and improve U.S. coinage.
1799 Draped Bust Cent:
Rarity: The 1799 Draped Bust cent is one of the rarest and most valuable dates in the entire large cent series. With only about 42,540 minted, surviving examples are exceedingly rare.
Varieties:
Normal Date: The 1799 cent has no major die varieties, but the date itself is rare, making any surviving example highly valuable. The condition of the coin greatly affects its value, with high-grade examples being extremely scarce.
Historical Note: The rarity of the 1799 cent is largely due to the small mintage and the fact that many of these coins were melted down or lost over time. It is considered a key date for advanced collectors of early American coinage.
1801 Draped Bust Cent:
Rarity: The 1801 Draped Bust cent had a mintage of approximately 1,362,837 coins, making it more common than some of the earlier dates. However, certain varieties from this year are rare and highly sought after.
Varieties:
Three Errors: The most famous variety is the "Three Errors" coin, which has multiple die errors, including a misspelling of "UNITED" as "UINED" on the reverse. This error coin is extremely rare and desirable.
Doubled Die Reverse: Another rare variety is the doubled die reverse, where elements of the reverse design appear doubled due to a misaligned die. These coins are scarce and valuable, particularly in higher grades.
Historical Note: The 1801 cent is notable for the number of die errors and variations, reflecting the challenges faced by the Mint during this period.
1804 Draped Bust Cent:
Rarity: The 1804 Draped Bust cent is one of the most famous and sought-after large cents, with a mintage of approximately 96,500 coins. It is considered one of the "Holy Grails" of U.S. large cent collecting.
Varieties:
Normal Date: The most common variety is the "Normal Date," but even this variety is rare and valuable.
Spike Chin: Another famous variety is the "Spike Chin," where a die break on Liberty's chin creates the appearance of a "spike." This variety is particularly scarce and highly coveted by collectors.
Historical Note: The 1804 cent's rarity and desirability have made it one of the most iconic coins in American numismatics. It is a key date for any serious collector of large cents.
1807 Draped Bust Cent:
Rarity: The 1807 Draped Bust cent is the final year of this design, with a mintage of approximately 728,000 coins. While more common than some earlier dates, certain varieties are still of great interest.
Varieties:
Large Fraction: The most notable variety is the "Large Fraction," where the fraction 1/100 on the reverse is larger than normal. This variety is relatively scarce and commands a premium.
Small Fraction: The "Small Fraction" variety is more common, but still holds significant value, especially in higher grades.
Historical Note: The 1807 cent marks the end of the Draped Bust series, as the design was replaced by the Classic Head in 1808. The 1807 cents are important for completing a Draped Bust cent collection.
Interesting Historical Facts
Transition from Flowing Hair to Draped Bust: The transition from the Flowing Hair to Draped Bust design reflected a desire for a more refined and classical representation of Liberty. The Draped Bust design was part of a broader trend towards neoclassical art in the early United States, influenced by European styles.
Minting Challenges: The early U.S. Mint faced numerous challenges in producing these coins, including inconsistent quality of planchets, primitive equipment, and a limited supply of skilled labor. These factors contributed to the numerous die varieties and errors found in the Draped Bust cents.
Public Perception: While the Draped Bust design was generally well-received, the quality of the coinage varied widely, leading to some public dissatisfaction. The Mint’s efforts to improve the coinage quality are reflected in the later issues of the series, which are often more consistently struck than earlier coins.
Classic Head Cent 1808-1814
Historical Context and Overview
The Classic Head cent was introduced in 1808, following the discontinuation of the Draped Bust design. This new design coincided with the growing need for a more efficient and appealing coinage, reflecting the maturation of the United States Mint and the broader economic changes in the early 19th century. The Classic Head design was used until 1814, after which the series was replaced by the Coronet Head design in 1816.
Design and Designer
Designer: John Reich
The Classic Head cent was designed by John Reich, a German-born engraver who joined the U.S. Mint in 1807 as Assistant Engraver. Reich was responsible for several significant coin designs during his tenure, and the Classic Head cent is one of his most recognized works.
Reich’s design for the Classic Head cent featured a more youthful and naturalistic portrayal of Liberty, in contrast to the more formal and neoclassical styles of the earlier Draped Bust and Flowing Hair designs.
Design Details:
Obverse: The obverse of the Classic Head cent features a left-facing bust of Liberty, with her hair tied by a fillet inscribed with the word "LIBERTY." The design is notable for its simplicity and the realistic portrayal of Liberty. Thirteen stars surround the bust, symbolizing the original thirteen states, with the date positioned at the bottom.
Reverse: The reverse design consists of a simple wreath encircling the denomination "ONE CENT," with the words "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" around the periphery. The wreath design is similar to that used on previous large cents, but with slight variations in the style of the leaves and ties.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1808 Classic Head Cent:
Rarity: The 1808 Classic Head cent is the inaugural issue of the series, with a relatively high mintage of approximately 1,007,000 coins. While not the rarest date, it is significant as the first year of the Classic Head design.
Varieties:
Normal Date: Most 1808 cents feature a normal date with no significant die varieties. However, the condition of the coin can vary widely, making high-grade examples particularly valuable.
Overdate: A rare overdate variety, where a "7" is visible under the "8" in the date, is known but extremely scarce.
Historical Note: The 1808 cent marked the beginning of the Classic Head series and the first full year of John Reich’s influence on U.S. coinage design.
1809 Classic Head Cent:
Rarity: The 1809 cent had a relatively low mintage of approximately 222,867 coins, making it one of the rarer dates in the series.
Varieties:
Normal Date: The standard variety features the normal date, but the small mintage makes any 1809 cent valuable.
Overdate (1809/6): The most famous variety is the 1809/6 overdate, where a "6" is clearly visible under the "9" in the date. This variety is particularly rare and highly prized by collectors.
Historical Note: The 1809 cent is notable for its scarcity, particularly the overdate variety, which is a key target for specialists in the series.
1810 Classic Head Cent:
Rarity: The 1810 cent had a mintage of approximately 1,458,500 coins, making it more common than the 1809 issue. However, certain varieties are still of significant interest.
Varieties:
Large Date: The standard variety is the "Large Date," which is more common.
Small Date: A rarer "Small Date" variety exists, where the digits of the date are smaller and more closely spaced. This variety is highly sought after, especially in high grades.
Historical Note: The 1810 cent is important for its date varieties, which reflect the Mint’s ongoing experimentation with die designs during this period.
1811 Classic Head Cent:
Rarity: The 1811 cent is one of the rarer dates in the Classic Head series, with a mintage of approximately 218,025 coins.
Varieties:
Normal Date: Most 1811 cents feature the standard date, but their rarity makes any surviving example valuable.
Overdate (1811/10): The most famous variety is the 1811/10 overdate, where a "0" is visible under the "1" in the date. This variety is extremely rare and commands a significant premium.
Historical Note: The 1811 cent is a key date for collectors, particularly due to the overdate variety, which is one of the most famous errors in the entire large cent series.
1812 Classic Head Cent:
Rarity: The 1812 cent had a mintage of approximately 1,075,500 coins, making it more common than the 1811 issue. However, it remains a desirable date for collectors.
Varieties:
Normal Date: The standard variety features the normal date, and while more common, high-grade examples are still valuable.
Overdate (1812/1): A rare overdate variety, where a "1" is visible under the "2" in the date, exists and is highly prized.
Historical Note: The 1812 cent is important for its overdate variety, which adds to the historical interest of this year’s coinage.
1814 Classic Head Cent:
Rarity: The 1814 cent is the final year of the Classic Head series, with a mintage of approximately 357,380 coins. Its status as the last issue makes it a significant date for collectors.
Varieties:
Plain 4: The standard variety features a "Plain 4" in the date, which is the most common variety.
Crosslet 4: A rarer variety is the "Crosslet 4," where the "4" in the date has a crosslet, or small additional stroke. This variety is particularly desirable.
Historical Note: The 1814 cent marks the end of the Classic Head series, and the Crosslet 4 variety is one of the most sought-after coins in the series.
Interesting Historical Facts
Transition from Draped Bust to Classic Head: The Classic Head design marked a departure from the more formal and classical Draped Bust design. John Reich’s design was intended to be more relatable and contemporary, reflecting the evolving tastes of the American public.
Minting Challenges: The early 19th century was a period of significant challenges for the U.S. Mint, including shortages of high-quality copper, which affected the production of large cents. This led to inconsistencies in the quality of planchets and contributed to the numerous varieties and errors found in the Classic Head series.
Influence of John Reich: John Reich’s influence on U.S. coinage during this period was profound. His designs introduced a new aesthetic that would influence American coinage for years to come. The Classic Head cent is a testament to his skill and vision as a designer.
Coronet Head Cent 1816-1839
Historical Context and Overview
The Coronet Head cent was introduced in 1816, following the discontinuation of the Classic Head design. The new design marked a shift towards a more refined and standardized coinage, as the U.S. Mint sought to address criticisms of the earlier designs and improve the overall quality of its coinage. The Coronet Head cent was produced in two main types: the "Matron Head" (1816-1839) and the "Braided Hair" (1839-1857). The series remained in circulation until 1857, when the large cent was replaced by the smaller, more practical Flying Eagle cent.
Design and Designer
Designer: Robert Scot and Christian Gobrecht
The initial Coronet Head design, known as the "Matron Head," was created by Robert Scot, the first Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint. The design was later modified by Christian Gobrecht, who introduced the "Modified Matron Head" in 1835, followed by the "Braided Hair" design in 1839.
The Coronet Head design reflects a more neoclassical approach compared to the earlier Classic Head, with a more mature and dignified portrayal of Liberty.
Design Details:
Obverse: The obverse of the Coronet Head cent features a right-facing bust of Liberty, with her hair tied in a bun and adorned with a coronet inscribed with "LIBERTY." The bust is surrounded by stars, representing the original states, with the date below.
Reverse: The reverse design consists of a simple wreath encircling the denomination "ONE CENT," with the words "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" around the edge. The wreath design remained consistent throughout the series, though the style of the leaves and ties varied slightly.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1816 Coronet Head Cent:
Rarity: The 1816 cent is the first year of the Coronet Head series, with a mintage of approximately 2,820,982 coins. While not the rarest date, it is significant as the inaugural issue of the new design.
Varieties:
Normal Date: The standard variety features the normal date with no significant die variations.
Historical Note: The 1816 cent marks the beginning of the Coronet Head series, introducing a new design that would remain in use for several decades.
1821 Coronet Head Cent:
Rarity: The 1821 cent had a low mintage of approximately 389,000 coins, making it one of the rarer dates in the series.
Varieties:
Normal Date: Most 1821 cents feature the standard date, but their low mintage makes them particularly valuable, especially in high grades.
Historical Note: The 1821 cent is a key date for collectors due to its scarcity and the challenges of finding well-preserved examples.
1823 Coronet Head Cent:
Rarity: The 1823 cent is known for its extreme rarity, with only a handful of examples known to exist. This makes it one of the most valuable coins in the entire Coronet Head series.
Varieties:
Normal Date: The 1823 cent is so rare that any variety is considered a major numismatic treasure.
Historical Note: The rarity of the 1823 cent is attributed to a combination of low production and the fact that many were likely melted down or lost. It is one of the most sought-after large cents among advanced collectors.
1839/6 Coronet Head Cent (Overdate):
Rarity: The 1839/6 overdate cent is one of the most famous varieties in the Coronet Head series. It features a "9" punched over a "6" in the date, creating a distinct and highly collectible overdate variety.
Varieties:
1839/6 Overdate: The overdate variety is rare and commands a significant premium, especially in higher grades.
Historical Note: The 1839/6 overdate is a key variety for collectors, reflecting the Mint’s practices of reusing dies to save resources. It is one of the most famous errors in U.S. coinage.
1839 Coronet Head Cent ("Booby Head" Variety):
Rarity: The 1839 cent is notable for the "Booby Head" variety, where Liberty’s head is depicted with an unusually large and rounded forehead. This variety is relatively rare and of great interest to specialists.
Varieties:
Booby Head: The "Booby Head" variety is distinctive and sought after by collectors for its unusual and somewhat humorous appearance.
Historical Note: The "Booby Head" variety is one of the more unique and collectible varieties in the Coronet Head series, reflecting the variability in die production during this period.
1846 Coronet Head Cent (Large Date/Small Date Varieties):
Rarity: The 1846 cent is notable for having both "Large Date" and "Small Date" varieties. The "Small Date" variety is rarer and more valuable.
Varieties:
Large Date: The "Large Date" variety is more common and typically less expensive.
Small Date: The "Small Date" variety is scarcer and commands a premium, especially in higher grades.
Historical Note: The 1846 cent is a popular date for variety collectors, with the "Small Date" being particularly prized.
1856 Coronet Head Cent:
Rarity: The 1856 cent is the penultimate year of the Coronet Head series, with a relatively high mintage of approximately 2,690,463 coins. However, certain varieties are of interest to collectors.
Varieties:
Slanting 5: The most notable variety is the "Slanting 5," where the digit "5" in the date is tilted. This variety is relatively rare and adds to the coin’s collectibility.
Historical Note: The 1856 cent is significant as one of the last large cents produced before the denomination was discontinued in favor of the smaller Flying Eagle cent.
1857 Coronet Head Cent:
Rarity: The 1857 cent is the final year of the Coronet Head series and the last of the large cents, with a mintage of approximately 333,456 coins.
Varieties:
Normal Date: The standard variety features the normal date, and while more common, the coin’s historical significance makes it a must-have for collectors.
Historical Note: The 1857 cent marks the end of an era in American coinage, as the large cent was replaced by the smaller and more practical Flying Eagle cent. This date holds a special place in U.S. numismatics as the conclusion of the large cent tradition.
Interesting Historical Facts
Transition from Classic Head to Coronet Head: The introduction of the Coronet Head cent in 1816 marked a move towards more standardized and refined coin designs. The transition was driven by both aesthetic considerations and the need to address criticisms of the earlier Classic Head design, which was often criticized for its crude appearance.
Minting Improvements: The Coronet Head cent was produced during a period of significant technological advancements at the U.S. Mint, including improvements in die-making and striking techniques. These advancements led to more consistent and higher-quality coinage, though variations and errors still occurred.
Economic Context: The Coronet Head cent series was minted during a time of significant economic and political change in the United States. The series spanned the era of the War of 1812, the rise of the Jacksonian era, and the early years of the Industrial Revolution, reflecting the evolving needs and challenges of the young nation.
End of the Large Cent: The discontinuation of the large cent in 1857 was driven by practical considerations, including the rising cost of copper and the need for a more portable and convenient coinage. The introduction of the smaller Flying Eagle cent marked a new chapter in U.S. coinage, but the large cent series remains a beloved part of American numismatic history.
Braided Hair Cent 1839-1857
Historical Context and Overview
The Coronet Head cent was introduced in 1816, succeeding the Classic Head cent, which had been in production since 1808. The transition to the Coronet Head design marked a shift towards a more neoclassical representation of Liberty, influenced by contemporary European artistic trends. The Coronet Head cent was produced in two major varieties: the "Matron Head" (1816–1835) and the "Modified Matron Head" or "Young Head" (1835–1839). The series was eventually replaced by the Braided Hair cent in 1839.
Design and Designer
Designer: Robert Scot and Christian Gobrecht
The original Matron Head design of 1816 is attributed to Robert Scot, the first Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint. Scot’s design was intended to provide a more refined and classical image of Liberty compared to the earlier Classic Head design.
In 1835, Christian Gobrecht, who succeeded Scot as Chief Engraver, modified the Matron Head design. Gobrecht’s version, often called the "Modified Matron Head" or "Young Head," featured a more youthful and slender portrayal of Liberty, aligning with the neoclassical aesthetics of the period.
Design Details:
Obverse: The obverse of the Coronet Head cent features a right-facing bust of Liberty, wearing a coronet or headband inscribed with the word "LIBERTY." The bust is surrounded by stars representing the original states, with the date below. The 1816–1835 design portrays Liberty with a fuller, more mature face, while the 1835–1839 redesign by Gobrecht depicts a more youthful Liberty.
Reverse: The reverse design remains consistent throughout the series, featuring a simple wreath encircling the denomination "ONE CENT," with the words "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" around the periphery. The wreath design varies slightly between the different years, reflecting changes in die engravings and artistic preferences.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1816 Coronet Head Cent:
Rarity: The 1816 cent marks the beginning of the Coronet Head series, with a mintage of approximately 2,820,982 coins. While not the rarest, it is significant as the inaugural issue of this design.
Varieties:
Normal Date: The standard variety features a normal date with no significant die variations.
Historical Note: The 1816 cent introduced a new era in large cent production, with improved minting technology and a more refined design.
1821 Coronet Head Cent:
Rarity: The 1821 cent is one of the scarcer dates in the series, with a mintage of only about 389,000 coins.
Varieties:
Normal Date: Most 1821 cents are of the standard variety, but their low mintage makes them valuable, particularly in higher grades.
Historical Note: The 1821 cent is a key date for collectors, often challenging to find in high condition due to its low production and circulation wear.
1823 Coronet Head Cent:
Rarity: The 1823 cent is extremely rare, with only a few known examples. This date is one of the most sought-after in the entire Coronet Head series.
Varieties:
Normal Date: Any 1823 cent is highly collectible due to its extreme rarity.
Historical Note: The rarity of the 1823 cent is likely due to a combination of low production and the melting of many of these coins. It is one of the most coveted dates in U.S. large cent collecting.
1824/2 Coronet Head Cent (Overdate):
Rarity: The 1824/2 overdate cent is another famous variety, where a "2" is clearly visible under the "4" in the date. This variety is scarce and highly sought after.
Varieties:
1824/2 Overdate: This overdate variety is particularly valuable in high grades and is a key piece for specialists in the series.
Historical Note: The overdate reflects the Mint's practice of repurposing old dies, a common practice during this period, adding to the historical intrigue of the coin.
1839/6 Coronet Head Cent (Overdate):
Rarity: The 1839/6 overdate cent is one of the most famous varieties in the Coronet Head series. It features a "9" punched over a "6" in the date, creating a distinct and highly collectible overdate variety.
Varieties:
1839/6 Overdate: The overdate variety is rare and commands a significant premium, especially in higher grades.
Historical Note: The 1839/6 overdate is a key variety for collectors, reflecting the Mint’s practices of reusing dies to save resources. It is one of the most famous errors in U.S. coinage.
1839 Coronet Head Cent ("Booby Head" Variety):
Rarity: The 1839 cent is notable for the "Booby Head" variety, where Liberty’s head is depicted with an unusually large and rounded forehead. This variety is relatively rare and of great interest to specialists.
Varieties:
Booby Head: The "Booby Head" variety is distinctive and sought after by collectors for its unusual and somewhat humorous appearance.
Historical Note: The "Booby Head" variety is one of the more unique and collectible varieties in the Coronet Head series, reflecting the variability in die production during this period.
Interesting Historical Facts
Introduction of Steam-Powered Coinage: The Coronet Head cent was among the first coins produced using steam-powered presses at the U.S. Mint, introduced in 1836. This technological advancement allowed for more consistent striking and higher-quality coinage, which is reflected in the improved detail and uniformity of the later dates in the series.
Minting Challenges and Variations: The Coronet Head series is known for its numerous die varieties and errors, including overdates and design modifications. These variations reflect the challenges faced by the Mint during this period, including shortages of skilled labor and the need to maximize the use of existing dies.
Economic Context: The Coronet Head cent series was minted during a period of significant economic and political change in the United States, including the Panic of 1819 and the rise of the Jacksonian era. These events influenced the demand for and production of coinage, contributing to the scarcity of certain dates and varieties.
End of the Large Cent Era: The Coronet Head cent was eventually replaced by the smaller and more practical Braided Hair cent in 1839, which itself was replaced by the Flying Eagle cent in 1857. The transition from large cents to smaller coinage reflected broader changes in American commerce and the need for more portable and convenient money.
Flying Eagle Cent 1856-1858
Historical Context and Overview
The Flying Eagle cent was introduced during a period of significant economic and technological change in the United States. By the 1850s, the large cent, which had been in use for over half a century, was becoming increasingly impractical. The rising cost of copper and the growing demand for smaller, more convenient coinage led the U.S. Mint to develop a new, smaller cent made from a copper-nickel alloy.
The Flying Eagle cent was initially issued as a pattern in 1856 and was officially adopted for general circulation in 1857. The new cent was well-received by the public, but production challenges led to its relatively short lifespan, as it was replaced by the Indian Head cent in 1859.
Design and Designer
Designer: James Barton Longacre
James Barton Longacre, the Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint from 1844 to 1869, designed the Flying Eagle cent. Longacre was an accomplished engraver known for several significant U.S. coin designs, including the Indian Head cent and the Liberty Head double eagle.
The design of the Flying Eagle cent was based on the reverse of the Gobrecht dollar, which had been issued in small quantities in the 1830s. The use of the eagle motif was intended to symbolize strength and freedom, aligning with the patriotic themes prevalent in American coinage.
Design Details:
Obverse: The obverse of the Flying Eagle cent features a bold depiction of an eagle in flight, with the inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" above and the date below. The design is notable for its dynamic composition and the realistic portrayal of the eagle.
Reverse: The reverse features a simple wreath of agricultural products, including corn, wheat, cotton, and tobacco, encircling the denomination "ONE CENT." This wreath design was intended to reflect the agricultural strength of the United States.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1856 Flying Eagle Cent:
Rarity: The 1856 Flying Eagle cent is one of the most famous and sought-after coins in American numismatics. While it was originally struck as a pattern coin, it is considered the first year of issue for the series. Approximately 1,500 to 2,500 examples were minted, making it extremely rare and valuable.
Varieties:
Normal Date: Most 1856 Flying Eagle cents feature the standard date with no significant die varieties. However, there are minor differences in die states and strike quality, which can affect value.
Historical Note: The 1856 cent was not initially intended for general circulation but was instead distributed to Congress and other influential figures to garner support for the new small cent design. Its rarity and historical significance make it one of the most coveted coins in U.S. numismatics.
1857 Flying Eagle Cent:
Rarity: The 1857 Flying Eagle cent was the first year of full-scale production, with a mintage of approximately 17,450,000 coins. While more common than the 1856 issue, it is still highly collectible, especially in higher grades.
Varieties:
Large Letters and Small Letters: The most notable varieties for 1857 are the "Large Letters" and "Small Letters" varieties, referring to the size of the letters in the inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." The Small Letters variety is somewhat scarcer and more valuable.
Historical Note: The 1857 Flying Eagle cent played a key role in the transition from large to small cents in the United States. It was well-received by the public, despite some initial challenges with striking quality.
1858 Flying Eagle Cent:
Rarity: The 1858 Flying Eagle cent had a mintage of approximately 24,600,000 coins, making it the most common date in the series. However, it remains highly collectible due to its place in U.S. numismatic history.
Varieties:
Large Letters and Small Letters: Like the 1857 issue, the 1858 Flying Eagle cent comes in both Large Letters and Small Letters varieties. The Small Letters variety is generally more desirable.
1858/7 Overdate: One of the most famous varieties is the 1858/7 overdate, where remnants of a "7" are visible under the "8" in the date. This variety is rare and highly sought after, especially in higher grades.
Reverse of 1856: Another notable variety is the "Reverse of 1856," where the reverse die used is similar to that of the 1856 pattern cent. This variety is less common and of particular interest to specialists.
Historical Note: The 1858 Flying Eagle cent was the last year of the series, as it was replaced by the Indian Head cent in 1859. The overdate and reverse varieties make this year particularly interesting for collectors.
Interesting Historical Facts
Transition to Small Cents: The introduction of the Flying Eagle cent marked a significant shift in U.S. coinage, as it replaced the large copper cents that had been in use since 1793. The smaller, lighter coins were more practical for everyday use and were intended to save on production costs, particularly due to the rising price of copper.
Production Challenges: The Flying Eagle cent was struck from a copper-nickel alloy, which proved difficult to work with. The hardness of the alloy caused issues with die wear and striking quality, leading to inconsistent details on some coins. These challenges contributed to the relatively short lifespan of the series.
Popularity and Legacy: Despite its short production run, the Flying Eagle cent remains a popular and iconic coin among collectors. Its bold design and historical significance, as the first small cent, ensure its place as a cornerstone of U.S. numismatics.
Replacement by the Indian Head Cent: The difficulties encountered in producing the Flying Eagle cent led to its replacement by the Indian Head cent in 1859. The Indian Head cent, also designed by James Barton Longacre, featured a slightly modified composition and a more practical design for mass production.
Indian Cent 1859-1909
Historical Context and Overview
The Indian Head cent was introduced in 1859 as a replacement for the Flying Eagle cent, which had been plagued by production issues due to its copper-nickel composition. The new design was better suited for mass production and addressed the technical challenges faced by the U.S. Mint. The Indian Head cent was minted for half a century, witnessing the Civil War, the expansion of the American frontier, and the dawn of the 20th century.
Initially struck in a copper-nickel alloy (88% copper, 12% nickel), the composition was changed to a bronze alloy (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc) in 1864 due to the high cost of nickel and the need for more practical coinage during the Civil War.
Design and Designer
Designer: James Barton Longacre
James Barton Longacre, the Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint from 1844 to 1869, designed the Indian Head cent. Longacre was responsible for several significant U.S. coin designs, including the Flying Eagle cent and the Liberty Head double eagle.
The design of the Indian Head cent is often misunderstood. The obverse does not actually depict a Native American; instead, it features Liberty wearing a Native American headdress, symbolizing freedom and the American spirit. The design reflects Longacre's desire to create a uniquely American image that combined elements of classical and indigenous iconography.
Design Details:
Obverse: The obverse of the Indian Head cent features Liberty wearing a feathered headdress with the word "LIBERTY" inscribed on the band. The inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" surrounds the design, with the date below. The image is characterized by its simplicity and elegance, with finely detailed features.
Reverse: The reverse design varies slightly between the first year (1859) and the subsequent years. The 1859 reverse features a simple laurel wreath encircling the denomination "ONE CENT." In 1860, the reverse was redesigned to feature an oak wreath with a shield at the top, reflecting a more robust and patriotic design.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1859 Indian Head Cent:
Rarity: The 1859 Indian Head cent is the first year of issue, with a mintage of approximately 36,400,000 coins. While not rare, it is significant as the inaugural year of the series.
Varieties:
Laurel Wreath Reverse: The 1859 cent features the original laurel wreath reverse, which was only used for this year. This makes the 1859 cent particularly interesting to collectors.
Historical Note: The 1859 cent marked the beginning of a series that would become one of the most beloved in American numismatics. The laurel wreath reverse was replaced in 1860, making this coin unique within the series.
1864 Indian Head Cent (Bronze Composition):
Rarity: The 1864 cent is notable for the transition from the copper-nickel to the bronze composition, with a total mintage of approximately 39,233,714 coins. The bronze cents are more common, but certain varieties are rare.
Varieties:
Copper-Nickel vs. Bronze: Early 1864 cents were struck in the copper-nickel alloy before the switch to bronze. The bronze cents are more common, but both versions are important for collectors.
1864 "L" on Ribbon: A key variety is the 1864 cent with the "L" on the ribbon, indicating Longacre’s initial. This variety is rare and highly sought after, especially in high grades.
Historical Note: The transition to bronze in 1864 was driven by the need to reduce the cost of coinage during the Civil War. The introduction of the "L" on the ribbon added an additional layer of collectibility to this date.
1877 Indian Head Cent:
Rarity: The 1877 Indian Head cent is one of the key dates in the series, with a mintage of only 852,500 coins. It is one of the most sought-after coins among Indian Head cents.
Varieties:
Normal Date: The standard variety features the normal date, with no significant die varieties. However, due to its low mintage, the 1877 cent is rare and valuable in all grades.
Historical Note: The 1877 cent was struck during a period of economic depression in the United States, which led to reduced demand for cents and, consequently, low mintage figures. This scarcity has made it one of the most desirable coins in the series.
1908-S Indian Head Cent:
Rarity: The 1908-S Indian Head cent is notable for being the first Indian Head cent struck at the San Francisco Mint, with a mintage of 1,115,000 coins. While not extremely rare, it is highly collectible due to its status as the first "S" mintmark Indian Head cent.
Varieties:
Normal Date: Most 1908-S cents are of the standard variety with no significant die variations, but the "S" mintmark makes it a key date.
Historical Note: The introduction of the "S" mintmark in 1908 marked a significant expansion of coin production at the San Francisco Mint, reflecting the growing importance of West Coast coinage.
1909-S Indian Head Cent:
Rarity: The 1909-S Indian Head cent is the final year of the series and one of the most desirable dates, with a mintage of only 309,000 coins. It is one of the lowest mintage Indian Head cents, making it highly prized by collectors.
Varieties:
Normal Date: The 1909-S cent is highly collectible due to its low mintage and the fact that it is the last Indian Head cent produced.
Historical Note: The 1909-S Indian Head cent was struck concurrently with the first year of the Lincoln cent, marking a transition in U.S. coinage. Its low mintage and historical significance make it one of the key dates in the series.
Interesting Historical Facts
Misconception About the Design: The Indian Head cent is often mistakenly thought to depict a Native American. In reality, the obverse features Liberty wearing a Native American headdress, blending classical and indigenous imagery to create a uniquely American symbol.
Civil War and Composition Change: The Civil War had a significant impact on the production of the Indian Head cent. The rising cost of nickel and the need for more economical coinage led to the switch from copper-nickel to bronze in 1864. This change not only reduced costs but also improved the striking quality of the coins.
Popularity and Legacy: The Indian Head cent is one of the most widely collected U.S. coins, cherished for its historical significance, artistic design, and variety. The long production run and the many changes in design, composition, and minting techniques offer a wealth of opportunities for collectors.
End of an Era: The Indian Head cent was replaced by the Lincoln cent in 1909, which coincided with the centennial of Abraham Lincoln’s birth. The transition marked a shift in U.S. coinage design philosophy, moving away from allegorical figures like Liberty to the depiction of historical figures.
Lincoln Cent (Wheat Reverse) 1909-1958
Historical Context and Overview
The Lincoln Wheat cent was introduced in 1909 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth. The decision to honor Lincoln on the cent was driven by public admiration for the 16th president, particularly in the decades following the Civil War and the Emancipation Proclamation. The Lincoln cent replaced the Indian Head cent, which had been in circulation since 1859.
The design of the Lincoln cent was initially controversial because it broke with the tradition of featuring allegorical representations of Liberty on U.S. coinage. However, it quickly became one of the most popular and enduring designs in American numismatics. The Wheat cent was minted until 1958, after which the reverse design was changed to the Lincoln Memorial, reflecting a new era in U.S. coinage.
Design and Designer
Designer: Victor David Brenner
Victor David Brenner, a Lithuanian-born sculptor and engraver, was commissioned to design the Lincoln cent. Brenner was a highly respected artist who had previously created a medal featuring Lincoln, which likely influenced the Treasury's decision to select him for the cent design.
Brenner's design was a significant departure from previous U.S. coin designs, featuring a highly realistic and detailed portrait of Lincoln on the obverse, and a simple yet symbolic reverse featuring wheat ears.
Design Details:
Obverse: The obverse of the Lincoln Wheat cent features a right-facing bust of Abraham Lincoln, based on a photograph taken by Mathew Brady. The inscription "IN GOD WE TRUST" appears above Lincoln's head, with "LIBERTY" to the left and the date to the right. Brenner's initials "VDB" were originally included on the reverse but were removed early in the first year due to public criticism and later restored in 1918 on the obverse.
Reverse: The reverse of the Wheat cent features two stylized ears of wheat flanking the denomination "ONE CENT," with the inscriptions "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" and "E PLURIBUS UNUM" above and below, respectively. The wheat ears symbolize prosperity and agricultural abundance, aligning with the nation's agrarian roots.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1909-S VDB Lincoln Wheat Cent:
Rarity: The 1909-S VDB cent is one of the most famous and sought-after coins in the Lincoln cent series. It was the first year of issue and was minted at the San Francisco Mint, with only 484,000 coins produced before the "VDB" initials were removed from the reverse.
Varieties:
1909-S VDB: The standard 1909-S VDB variety is highly collectible, with examples in higher grades commanding significant premiums.
Historical Note: The 1909-S VDB cent became instantly collectible due to its low mintage and the controversy surrounding the prominent placement of Brenner's initials. It is considered one of the key dates in the series and a must-have for serious Lincoln cent collectors.
1914-D Lincoln Wheat Cent:
Rarity: The 1914-D Lincoln cent is another key date in the series, with a mintage of only 1,193,000 coins. It is one of the most challenging dates to find in high grade.
Varieties:
Normal Date: Most 1914-D cents feature the standard date, but their low mintage and circulation wear make them highly desirable in all grades.
Historical Note: The 1914-D cent is a key date due to its low mintage and scarcity in higher grades. It remains one of the most sought-after coins in the Lincoln Wheat cent series.
1922 No D Lincoln Wheat Cent:
Rarity: The 1922 No D cent is a famous error coin, resulting from a die polishing mistake at the Denver Mint. The coin was struck without the "D" mintmark, making it a highly sought-after variety.
Varieties:
No D Strong Reverse: The most valuable variety is the "No D Strong Reverse," where the reverse details are sharp despite the missing mintmark.
No D Weak Reverse: Another variety is the "No D Weak Reverse," where both the obverse and reverse details are weak due to over-polishing of the dies. This variety is less valuable but still collectible.
Historical Note: The 1922 No D cent is one of the most famous mint errors in U.S. numismatics. It is a key variety for Lincoln cent collectors and is highly valued, particularly in higher grades.
1931-S Lincoln Wheat Cent:
Rarity: The 1931-S cent had a mintage of only 866,000 coins, making it one of the lowest mintage regular-issue coins in the series.
Varieties:
Normal Date: The 1931-S cent is primarily collected in its standard form, with no major die varieties known.
Historical Note: The 1931-S cent is notable for its low mintage during the Great Depression, a time when demand for cents was low, leading to reduced production. It remains a key date in the series.
1943 Copper Lincoln Wheat Cent:
Rarity: The 1943 copper cent is an error coin struck on a bronze planchet instead of the intended steel planchet used during World War II. Only a few dozen examples are known, making it one of the rarest and most valuable Lincoln cents.
Varieties:
1943 Copper: The 1943 copper cent is extremely rare, with examples in any condition commanding substantial premiums. Varieties include coins struck at the Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco Mints.
Historical Note: The 1943 copper cent is a result of a mistake during the production transition to steel cents. It is one of the most famous error coins in U.S. history and is highly coveted by collectors.
1955 Doubled Die Obverse Lincoln Wheat Cent:
Rarity: The 1955 Doubled Die cent is one of the most famous doubled die coins in U.S. numismatics. The doubling is most evident in the date and the inscriptions "LIBERTY" and "IN GOD WE TRUST."
Varieties:
1955 Doubled Die: The doubled die variety is highly sought after, with significant premiums for well-preserved examples.
Historical Note: The 1955 Doubled Die cent is the result of a die misalignment during production, creating a dramatic and easily visible doubling effect. It is one of the most popular error coins among collectors.
Interesting Historical Facts
First U.S. Coin with a President's Portrait: The Lincoln cent was the first U.S. coin to feature the likeness of a president, breaking with the tradition of depicting allegorical figures. This change was controversial at the time but quickly became popular with the public.
The "VDB" Controversy: Victor David Brenner’s initials, "VDB," were prominently placed on the reverse of the 1909 cent, which led to public outcry and the rapid removal of the initials from the design. The initials were restored in 1918 but were moved to a less prominent position on the obverse, under Lincoln’s shoulder.
Impact of World War II: During World War II, the U.S. Mint changed the composition of the cent to steel coated with zinc, creating the 1943 "Steel Cents." This was done to conserve copper for the war effort. The 1943 copper cent error, one of the rarest and most valuable Lincoln cents, emerged from this change.
Popularity and Collectibility: The Lincoln Wheat cent remains one of the most widely collected U.S. coins, partly due to its long production run and the numerous varieties and errors that have emerged over the years. Its status as a symbol of American history and the enduring legacy of Abraham Lincoln adds to its appeal.
Lincoln Cent (Modern) 1959-Present
Historical Context and Overview
The Lincoln Memorial cent, introduced in 1959, marked the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth and replaced the Wheat reverse that had been in use since the coin's inception in 1909. This change was driven by a desire to modernize the design and celebrate Lincoln's legacy with a more contemporary symbol—the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. The design remained in circulation until 2008, making it one of the longest-running designs in U.S. coinage history.
In 2010, the Lincoln Shield reverse was introduced as part of the "Preservation of the Union" theme, following a special set of bicentennial reverses in 2009 that celebrated Lincoln's life. The Shield design continues to be used today and represents the enduring strength and unity of the United States, aligning with Lincoln’s legacy as the Great Emancipator and preserver of the Union.
Design and Designer
Lincoln Memorial Reverse (1959–2008)
Designer: Frank Gasparro
Frank Gasparro, then Assistant Engraver at the U.S. Mint, designed the Lincoln Memorial reverse. Gasparro later became the Chief Engraver, known for other significant designs like the reverse of the Kennedy half dollar and the Susan B. Anthony dollar.
Design Details:
Obverse: The obverse continued to feature Victor David Brenner's original 1909 portrait of Abraham Lincoln, maintaining the design that had become iconic in American numismatics.
Reverse: The reverse features a detailed depiction of the Lincoln Memorial, with the inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" above, "E PLURIBUS UNUM" on either side of the memorial, and the denomination "ONE CENT" below. If examined closely, Lincoln's statue can be seen between the columns of the Memorial, a subtle tribute to the president.
Historical Significance: The introduction of the Lincoln Memorial cent in 1959 was intended to connect the cent's design more directly with a prominent symbol of Lincoln's legacy, making the coin a commemorative piece in regular circulation.
Lincoln Shield Reverse (2010–Present)
Designer: Lyndall Bass (Reverse) and Victor David Brenner (Obverse)
The Shield reverse was designed by Lyndall Bass, an artist and sculptor who has contributed to various U.S. Mint projects. The obverse remains Brenner's original design from 1909.
Design Details:
Obverse: The obverse retains the same Brenner portrait of Lincoln, continuing the tradition that began in 1909.
Reverse: The reverse features a prominent Union shield with 13 vertical stripes representing the original colonies, joined together under a horizontal bar representing the federal government. The denomination "ONE CENT" is placed within a scroll draped across the shield, with "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" above and "E PLURIBUS UNUM" below.
Historical Significance: The Shield reverse was introduced to symbolize the preservation of the Union, reflecting Lincoln’s legacy and the ongoing strength of the United States. The design change in 2010 also marked the end of the Lincoln Memorial reverse and the continuation of Lincoln’s image into the 21st century.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1959-D Lincoln Memorial Cent:
Rarity: While the 1959-D cent is not rare in general, there is a rare variety known as the "1959-D Wheat Reverse" cent. This variety, which mistakenly features the old Wheat reverse design, is one of the most intriguing modern coin rarities.
Varieties:
1959-D Wheat Reverse: This extremely rare variety is a result of a minting error where a leftover Wheat reverse die was accidentally used. Very few examples are known, making it highly sought after by collectors.
Historical Note: The 1959-D Wheat Reverse cent is one of the most famous and valuable mint errors in modern numismatics, blending the end of one era with the beginning of another.
1970-S Small Date Lincoln Memorial Cent:
Rarity: The 1970-S Small Date cent is a well-known variety that is particularly sought after in higher grades.
Varieties:
Small Date: The "Small Date" variety has a more compact and closely spaced date, distinguishable from the more common "Large Date" variety. This variety is rare in high grades, particularly with a strong strike and full red color.
Historical Note: The 1970-S Small Date variety is a favorite among Lincoln cent collectors due to its relative scarcity and the challenge of identifying it correctly.
1982 Lincoln Memorial Cent (Copper vs. Zinc):
Rarity: The 1982 Lincoln cent is notable for the transition from the copper alloy to a zinc core with a thin copper coating. Both compositions were produced during this year, creating several varieties that are of interest to collectors.
Varieties:
Copper and Zinc: The 1982 cent was struck in seven different varieties, including large and small dates in both copper and zinc compositions. The copper versions are heavier, weighing 3.11 grams, compared to the zinc cents, which weigh 2.5 grams.
1982-D Small Date Copper: A particularly rare variety is the 1982-D Small Date struck in copper, which was believed to be a zinc-only variety. Only a few examples are known, making it extremely valuable.
Historical Note: The 1982 transition is significant in the history of U.S. coinage, marking the shift from a primarily copper composition to a more cost-effective zinc composition, a change driven by rising metal prices.
1992-D Close AM Lincoln Memorial Cent:
Rarity: The 1992-D Close AM variety is a rare and valuable error where the letters "AM" in "AMERICA" on the reverse are close together, instead of the usual wide spacing.
Varieties:
Close AM: The Close AM variety is a result of a design intended for proof coins accidentally being used for circulation strikes. It is rare and highly sought after, especially in high grades.
Historical Note: The 1992-D Close AM error is one of the most famous modern Lincoln cent varieties and is a key target for error collectors.
2009 Lincoln Bicentennial Cents:
Rarity: The 2009 Lincoln Bicentennial cents were issued to celebrate the 200th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth and feature four different reverse designs, each representing a different phase of Lincoln's life.
Varieties:
Four Reverse Designs: The four designs include "Birth and Early Childhood in Kentucky," "Formative Years in Indiana," "Professional Life in Illinois," and "Presidency in Washington, D.C." Each design was struck at the Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco Mints, with both proof and business strikes available.
Historical Note: The 2009 Bicentennial cents are notable for their historical significance and the variety they offer to collectors. They represent the first major design change since the introduction of the Lincoln Memorial reverse in 1959.
2017-P Lincoln Shield Cent:
Rarity: The 2017-P cent is notable for being the first Lincoln cent to feature the "P" mintmark, a special addition to mark the 225th anniversary of the U.S. Mint.
Varieties:
P Mintmark: This is the first and only year the Philadelphia Mint added a "P" mintmark to the Lincoln cent, making it a unique collectible.
Historical Note: The addition of the "P" mintmark in 2017 was a one-year-only event, making the 2017-P cent a special issue in the modern Lincoln cent series.
Interesting Historical Facts
Brenner's Legacy Continues: Despite the changes in reverse designs, Victor David Brenner's original 1909 portrait of Lincoln remains on the obverse of the Lincoln cent, making it the longest-running obverse design in U.S. coinage history.
Metal Composition Changes: The transition from copper to zinc in 1982 marked a significant change in the composition of the Lincoln cent, driven by rising copper prices. This change was one of the most significant alterations in U.S. coinage composition in the 20th century.
1992 Close AM and 1998-2000 Wide AM: The modern Lincoln cent series is notable for several reverse design varieties, where the spacing of the "AM" in "AMERICA" differs. These varieties, especially the 1992 Close AM and 1998-2000 Wide AM, are popular among collectors and are valuable in high grades.
Modern Error Coins: Despite the technological advancements at the U.S. Mint, modern Lincoln cents are still subject to interesting errors and varieties, such as doubled dies, off-center strikes, and transitional errors like the 1982-D Small Date copper cent.