Dollar 

Flowing Hair Dollar 1794-1795

The Flowing Hair Dollar, minted in 1794 and 1795, holds a special place in American numismatic history as the first silver dollar issued by the United States Mint. It is considered one of the most iconic and historically significant coins due to its early role in establishing U.S. coinage and its rarity, particularly the 1794 issues.

Designer: Robert Scot

The Flowing Hair Dollar was designed by Robert Scot, the first Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint. Scot’s design reflected the early efforts of the fledgling U.S. Mint to create coinage that symbolized the young nation’s ideals of liberty and strength. The design of Liberty with flowing hair was meant to represent freedom and the nation's break from monarchies.

Design Features

Obverse:

  • The obverse features Lady Liberty facing right with her hair flowing freely behind her. This depiction of Liberty was inspired by classical Roman and Greek art, symbolizing the ideals of freedom and democracy.

  • The word “LIBERTY” appears above her head, and the date is placed at the bottom.

  • Thirteen stars surround Liberty, representing the original thirteen colonies of the United States.

Reverse:

  • The reverse design displays a small eagle perched on a wreath, which is surrounded by the inscription “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.”

  • Unlike later U.S. coins, the Flowing Hair Dollar did not bear a denomination marking, as it was understood to be worth one dollar.

  • The eagle's design is modest and reflects the early artistic efforts of the Mint. It was later replaced in subsequent designs with the more elaborate Heraldic Eagle.

Historical Significance

The Flowing Hair Dollar was the first coin of its kind produced by the U.S. Mint after the Coinage Act of 1792 established the minting standards. The introduction of the dollar coin was a crucial step in solidifying the U.S. monetary system, which had been heavily reliant on foreign coinage, particularly Spanish dollars, prior to this issuance.

  • The 1794 Flowing Hair Dollar is especially significant because it is the first silver dollar ever struck by the U.S. Mint, making it a rare and coveted piece. Only 1,758 coins were struck in 1794, and it is believed that fewer than 150 examples survive today. The 1794 dollar is considered one of the rarest and most valuable U.S. coins.

  • The 1795 issues had a higher mintage, with around 160,295 coins produced, but many of these were melted down or lost over time, making surviving examples still rare but more accessible to collectors than the 1794 version.

Minting History and Challenges

The early U.S. Mint faced significant challenges in producing the Flowing Hair Dollar. The coin was struck at the Philadelphia Mint, and due to the limitations of the equipment at the time, many of the 1794 coins were struck poorly, with weak details, especially around the periphery.

  • The coining press at the Philadelphia Mint was not designed to strike coins as large as the dollar, which resulted in many of the coins being off-center or showing incomplete strikes. This is one of the reasons why well-struck examples of the 1794 dollar are extremely rare and valuable.

  • The issues with striking quality led to an upgrade of the Mint’s equipment in 1795, resulting in better-produced coins, though some strike issues persisted.

Available Varieties

There are several important varieties and characteristics of the Flowing Hair Dollar that are of interest to numismatists:

1794 Flowing Hair Dollar:

  • 1794 Flowing Hair Dollar: This is the inaugural year and the most famous variety. Because of the low mintage and historical significance, the 1794 dollar is one of the rarest and most valuable U.S. coins. In 2013, a 1794 Flowing Hair Dollar sold for over $10 million at auction, setting a record for the most expensive coin ever sold at the time.

  • Die Varieties: Among the 1794 dollars, there are minor die varieties based on die alignment and strike characteristics, but due to the limited number of coins produced, these varieties are not as pronounced as in later issues.

1795 Flowing Hair Dollar:

  • The 1795 Flowing Hair Dollar saw a much larger mintage and is more readily available to collectors compared to the 1794 issue. There are several known die varieties for this year.

  • Two Leaf and Three Leaf Varieties: One of the key distinctions in 1795 Flowing Hair Dollars lies in the number of leaves below the eagle’s wings on the reverse. There are two varieties:

    • Two Leaves: Features two leaves below each wing on the reverse wreath.

    • Three Leaves: Features three leaves below each wing on the reverse wreath.

    These varieties result from the use of different dies during production.

  • Die States and Clashes: Many 1795 Flowing Hair Dollars exhibit die cracks, clashes, and other signs of wear on the dies, which numismatists study closely to determine die states and specific varieties. Collectors often seek out coins based on these die states to complete specialized collections.

Key Facts for Numismatic Experts

  • 1794 Flowing Hair Dollar: Known for its historical importance, rarity, and poor strike quality. It is one of the most famous coins in American numismatics.

    • Mintage: 1,758

    • Surviving examples: Less than 150

    • Auction record: Over $10 million

  • 1795 Flowing Hair Dollar: Known for its larger mintage and availability compared to the 1794 version. Collectors focus on varieties such as the Two Leaf and Three Leaf designs.

    • Mintage: 160,295

    • Two Leaf and Three Leaf varieties

    • Known for better overall strike quality compared to the 1794 issues, but die clashes and cracks are common.

Interesting Historical Facts

  • The Flowing Hair design was replaced in 1796 by the Draped Bust Dollar due to dissatisfaction with the Flowing Hair motif. This makes the Flowing Hair Dollar a short-lived series, further increasing its numismatic value.

  • The 1794 dollars were produced using the newly established Coinage Act of 1792 standards, which included a silver content of 89.24% silver and 10.76% copper. This composition became the standard for early U.S. silver coinage.

  • The 1794 dollars were struck using a manual screw press, which contributed to the weak strikes and inconsistent quality.

  • In 1794, the U.S. Mint was still a very modest operation, and the production of the silver dollar was a major achievement at the time, symbolizing the United States' progress in establishing its own currency system.

Drapped Bust Dollar 1795-1804

The Draped Bust Dollar, minted between 1795 and 1804, is one of the most iconic early U.S. coinage series, reflecting the artistic and historical essence of America's fledgling coinage system. The coin's introduction marked a significant transition in U.S. coinage, moving from the Flowing Hair design to a more refined and dignified portrayal of Liberty. This series also has notable varieties and rarities that make it a key focus for numismatic experts.

Designer: Robert Scot

The Draped Bust Dollar was designed by Robert Scot, the first Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint. Scot’s design followed the Flowing Hair dollar, which had been deemed too crude and simplistic for the new nation's official coinage. The Draped Bust design, created in collaboration with artist Gilbert Stuart, aimed to portray a more elegant and refined Liberty.

Scot's engraving work featured classical motifs that symbolized the ideals of liberty and strength, drawing inspiration from European engravers while creating something uniquely American.

Design Details

Obverse:

  • The obverse of the Draped Bust Dollar features Lady Liberty with flowing hair and a draped gown. Her profile is turned to the right, and she is surrounded by 13 stars, representing the original colonies.

  • The inscription “LIBERTY” appears at the top of the coin, with the date at the bottom.

  • Earlier coins in the series from 1795 to 1797 have 15 stars, while later issues from 1798 onward have 13 stars, aligning with the number of original colonies.

Reverse:

  • The reverse design was initially of a small eagle from 1795 to 1797 but was later replaced with the Heraldic Eagle design from 1798 to 1804. The Heraldic Eagle design is inspired by the Great Seal of the United States.

  • The small eagle version depicts a thin eagle perched on a wreath with its wings spread, holding a laurel branch in its talons, symbolizing peace.

  • The Heraldic Eagle version features a more robust eagle with a shield on its breast, holding an olive branch and arrows, symbolizing both peace and readiness for war.

  • The reverse also includes the inscription “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,” with no denomination, as this was not standard on early U.S. coinage.

Minting and Varieties

The Draped Bust Dollar was produced at the Philadelphia Mint and exists in several key varieties, which makes it highly desirable among numismatists. The varieties are often distinguished by subtle changes in design elements or die characteristics.

1795-1797 Small Eagle Reverse:

  • 1795: This is the first year of the Draped Bust Dollar series. It is distinguished by its small eagle on the reverse. The 1795 Draped Bust Dollar is one of the most sought-after coins in the series, especially in higher grades.

    • Varieties: The 1795 dollar comes in two main varieties based on the placement of the bust and the number of stars: the Centered Bust and the Off-Center Bust. The Centered Bust variety is more common.

  • 1796: The 1796 Draped Bust Dollar also features the small eagle design. In this year, the number of stars was adjusted to 15 stars to reflect the admission of two new states (Vermont and Kentucky).

    • Varieties: Collectors will find varieties based on the arrangement of stars (15 stars vs. 16 stars).

  • 1797: Like the 1796 version, this issue also features the small eagle on the reverse, but with different arrangements of stars on the obverse. Some examples feature 16 stars, while others have 13 stars.

1798-1804 Heraldic Eagle Reverse:

In 1798, the reverse design was changed to the Heraldic Eagle, a more robust and enduring symbol of American strength and identity. This design was used for the remainder of the series.

  • 1798: This year saw the transition to the Heraldic Eagle design. There are numerous varieties, including Large Eagle, Large Stars and Small Stars varieties, which refer to the size of the stars around the obverse.

  • 1799: The 1799 Draped Bust Dollar is one of the more common dates in the series and also exists in several varieties, including differences in star sizes and arrangement.

  • 1800: This year also has a few notable varieties, such as differences in overdates (where a previous year's die was reused and engraved over, such as 1800/1798).

  • 1801-1803: These years continue the Heraldic Eagle design with less variation compared to earlier dates. However, they remain key dates in completing a Draped Bust Dollar set.

  • 1804: The 1804 Draped Bust Dollar is one of the most famous and legendary U.S. coins. Contrary to common belief, no Draped Bust Dollars were struck for circulation in 1804. Instead, the "1804 dollars" were struck as part of special presentation proof sets prepared for diplomatic gifts in 1834.

    • The 1804 Dollar is often referred to as the "King of American Coins" due to its rarity and value. There are two main types of the 1804 dollar:

      • Class I: These are the originals struck in 1834 and are highly valuable, with only eight known specimens.

      • Class II and III: These were later restrikes, made using the original dies, but they remain exceedingly rare and command astronomical prices at auction.

Historic Facts and Numismatic Significance

  • The Draped Bust Dollar represents a transition period in American numismatics, where the United States sought to establish a distinct identity for its coinage. The design reflected classical ideals and strength, important as the young nation was asserting itself on the world stage.

  • The switch from the Small Eagle to the Heraldic Eagle on the reverse in 1798 is a notable moment in U.S. coinage, as it aligned more closely with symbols used on official government seals.

  • The 1804 Dollar is the most famous and expensive of all U.S. coins, and it has been the subject of intense interest, legal battles, and international intrigue. It has fetched millions of dollars in auction, and its provenance and ownership history are meticulously documented.

Available Varieties

Here are some of the more notable varieties in the Draped Bust Dollar series:

  1. 1795 Draped Bust Dollar with Small Eagle

    • Centered Bust

    • Off-Center Bust

    • B-14, BB-51 varieties

  2. 1796 Draped Bust Dollar

    • 15 Stars

    • 16 Stars

  3. 1797 Draped Bust Dollar

    • 13 Stars

    • 16 Stars

  4. 1798 Draped Bust Dollar

    • Small Eagle, Large Stars

    • Small Eagle, Small Stars

    • Heraldic Eagle varieties

  5. 1799 Draped Bust Dollar

    • Different star arrangements and sizes

    • Overdate varieties

  6. 1800 Draped Bust Dollar

    • Overdates, such as 1800/1798

  7. 1801, 1802, 1803 Draped Bust Dollars

    • Heraldic Eagle reverse with fewer varieties but important to collectors completing sets

  8. 1804 Draped Bust Dollar

    • Class I, Class II, and Class III varieties.

Conclusion

The Draped Bust Dollar is a cornerstone of U.S. numismatics, with its classic design, historical significance, and variety of types and rarities making it a prized addition to any expert collection. From the first issues in 1795 with the Small Eagle to the legendary 1804 dollar, the Draped Bust series offers deep insights into early American coinage and continues to captivate collectors with its artistry and rarity.

Liberty Seated Dollar 1836-1873

The Liberty Seated Dollar was minted from 1836 to 1873, and it represents one of the most iconic designs in U.S. coinage. These dollars were part of a larger Liberty Seated coin series that included half dimes, dimes, quarters, and half dollars. The Liberty Seated Dollar holds a significant place in American numismatics for its aesthetic appeal, historical context, and its connection to major economic events, such as the California Gold Rush and the Coinage Act of 1873.

Designer: Christian Gobrecht

The Liberty Seated Dollar was designed by Christian Gobrecht, the third Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint. Gobrecht was responsible for creating several of the most important coin designs of the 19th century. His work on the Liberty Seated series brought classical beauty and elegance to American coinage. The design of Lady Liberty, seated and holding a shield, became one of the most widely used motifs of the era.

Design Features

Obverse:

  • The obverse features Lady Liberty seated on a rock, facing left. She holds a liberty pole topped with a Phrygian cap, symbolizing freedom and liberty. Liberty’s right hand rests on a shield marked with “LIBERTY” on a ribbon, symbolizing defense and protection of the nation.

  • The date of issue is placed at the bottom of the coin, below Lady Liberty’s feet.

  • Thirteen stars surround the central design, representing the original thirteen colonies.

Reverse:

  • The reverse depicts a bald eagle with wings outstretched. The eagle holds an olive branch in its right talon and arrows in its left, symbolizing a desire for peace while also showing readiness for defense.

  • The inscription “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA” arcs across the top, with “ONE DOL.” appearing at the bottom.

  • The design is simple yet powerful, and the eagle is a long-standing symbol of American strength.

Historical Context

The Liberty Seated Dollar was introduced at a time when the U.S. was transitioning from the more limited production of silver coins to broader minting of silver currency for domestic use and international trade. Early silver dollar production had been halted in 1804, and the Liberty Seated Dollar marked the first large-scale return of silver dollars to circulation.

  • The Coinage Act of 1837 revised the silver content and standardization of U.S. coins, including the Liberty Seated Dollar. This act helped establish the silver dollar's weight and composition, which were set at 412.5 grains of 90% silver and 10% copper.

  • The California Gold Rush of the late 1840s dramatically increased the availability of gold, leading to economic changes that affected the ratio between gold and silver, making silver dollars relatively more valuable and contributing to fluctuations in silver coin minting.

Minting History and Varieties

The Liberty Seated Dollar series can be divided into two primary phases:

  1. Pre-Civil War Production (1836-1860):

    • This period saw relatively low mintages, with many coins being used in foreign trade or exported due to their silver content.

    • These early dollars were struck in Philadelphia, as the U.S. Mint did not have widespread facilities to produce large denominations outside of this location.

  2. Post-Civil War Production (1866-1873):

    • Production increased slightly after the Civil War, but the majority of Liberty Seated Dollars were used in trade with foreign nations rather than domestic commerce. This era is notable for the addition of the “IN GOD WE TRUST” motto on the reverse, reflecting a broader national sentiment after the Civil War.

Key Varieties

1836 Gobrecht Dollar:

  • The first Liberty Seated Dollar was technically a pattern coin known as the 1836 Gobrecht Dollar. These coins were struck in small quantities as experimental issues and are highly sought after today. The Gobrecht Dollar features a slightly different design, with a more dynamic depiction of Liberty and the eagle flying in the air. These coins are rare and highly valuable.

  • Several die alignments and design changes occurred during the production of Gobrecht Dollars, leading to a variety of sub-types that collectors prize.

No Motto Variety (1840-1865):

  • The Liberty Seated Dollar, struck from 1840 to 1865, lacked the “IN GOD WE TRUST” motto on the reverse. These coins are often referred to as “No Motto” dollars. The absence of the motto is a key identifying feature for this early variety.

  • Mintages during this period were generally low, with many coins being exported for trade purposes rather than circulating domestically.

With Motto Variety (1866-1873):

  • Following the Civil War, the motto “IN GOD WE TRUST” was added to the reverse, above the eagle. This change was a result of increased religious sentiment in the nation, and the addition of the motto became standard on U.S. coinage.

  • The With Motto variety is more common than the No Motto coins, but mintages remained relatively low, especially in comparison to the Morgan and Peace dollars that followed in later decades.

Trade Dollar Overlap (1873):

  • The Liberty Seated Dollar series ended in 1873, the same year the Trade Dollar was introduced. The Trade Dollar was designed for export to China and other parts of Asia, where the U.S. was eager to compete with the Mexican silver peso. The production of Liberty Seated Dollars ceased as the Trade Dollar became the primary U.S. silver dollar for international trade.

Interesting Historical Facts

  • Gobrecht Patterns: Before the official release of the Liberty Seated Dollar, Gobrecht patterns were struck in 1836-1839 to test designs for future coinage. These patterns are extremely rare and valuable, often fetching six-figure prices at auction.

  • Low Mintages: Throughout its production run, Liberty Seated Dollars were struck in small quantities compared to other denominations, making them scarcer in the collector market. In some years, such as 1851 and 1852, the mint produced fewer than 2,000 coins.

  • Proof Coins: Proof Liberty Seated Dollars were struck in very limited quantities for collectors and are among the most sought-after examples of the series. These proofs feature exceptional strike quality and often have mirrored surfaces, making them stand out from circulation strikes.

Key Dates and Rarities

  • 1849 and 1851-1852: These are some of the rarest dates in the Liberty Seated Dollar series, with mintages of less than 2,000 coins in certain years. These coins are highly prized by collectors.

  • 1870-S: This is one of the most famous and rarest Liberty Seated Dollars. Only one known example of the 1870-S Liberty Seated Dollar exists, making it a legendary rarity in American numismatics.

  • Proofs: Proof issues from various years are extremely rare and often command high premiums. The earliest proof dollars (1836-1840) are particularly valuable due to their limited production and high-quality strikes.

Varieties and Errors

  • Small and Large Date Varieties: In certain years, the Liberty Seated Dollar features both small and large date varieties, most notably in 1846. These varieties are subtle but significant to collectors who specialize in die varieties.

  • Die Cracks and Repunched Dates: Due to the early minting techniques, die cracks and repunched dates are common in Liberty Seated Dollars, adding further variety to the series for specialized collectors.

Trade Dollar 1873-1885

The Trade Dollar was minted from 1873 to 1885 and was specifically designed for international trade, primarily with China and other parts of Asia. This coin represents a unique chapter in U.S. numismatic history, as it was the first U.S. coin authorized for use outside the United States and bore an intrinsic value slightly above one U.S. dollar to encourage its acceptance in foreign markets. The Trade Dollar is notable for its historical context, design features, and the controversies surrounding its domestic usage.

Designer: William Barber

The Trade Dollar was designed by William Barber, the fifth Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint. Barber succeeded the renowned engraver Christian Gobrecht and contributed many designs to U.S. coinage during his tenure. Barber’s design for the Trade Dollar was distinct and emblematic of its purpose: to symbolize U.S. commercial power and appeal to foreign markets, particularly in the Chinese trade.

Design Features

Obverse:

  • The obverse of the Trade Dollar features Lady Liberty seated on bales of merchandise, facing left. She holds an olive branch in her right hand, symbolizing peace, and her left hand rests on a scroll marked “LIBERTY”. Behind her are agricultural products and a wheat bale, symbolizing trade and agriculture.

  • Liberty is positioned as if looking out toward the sea, signifying America’s desire to trade overseas. This symbolism of commerce was meant to appeal to foreign merchants and governments.

  • The inscription “IN GOD WE TRUST” appears on a ribbon below the base of the figure, and the date of issue is placed at the bottom of the coin.

Reverse:

  • The reverse features a powerful depiction of a bald eagle with wings spread, holding arrows in its left talon and an olive branch in its right, symbolizing readiness for war but with a preference for peace.

  • Above the eagle is the inscription “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA”, and below the eagle is the denomination “TRADE DOLLAR”, with the weight and fineness noted as “420 GRAINS 900 FINE”, emphasizing the coin’s heavier silver content than the standard U.S. silver dollar.

  • The inclusion of the weight and purity directly on the coin was a critical aspect meant to assure foreign traders of its value and trustworthiness.

Historical Context

The Trade Dollar was created in response to the growing need for U.S. silver coinage in international markets, particularly in the China trade, where the Mexican silver peso dominated. The Coinage Act of 1873 authorized its production as a tool to compete against the Mexican peso, which was widely accepted throughout Asia due to its consistent silver content. The U.S. government sought to leverage the Trade Dollar to facilitate American exports and expand commercial influence.

However, the Trade Dollar was minted during a time of fluctuating silver prices, and this affected both its international acceptance and its domestic value. Despite being intended for overseas use, many Trade Dollars made their way back to the U.S., where they were often traded at a discount due to their higher silver content compared to the standard U.S. dollar.

Minting History and Varieties

1873-1878: Business Strikes for Trade

  • From 1873 to 1878, Trade Dollars were produced as business strikes for circulation, with millions of these coins shipped overseas, particularly to China. Production occurred primarily at the Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Carson City mints.

  • The coin’s higher silver content (420 grains) was greater than that of the standard silver dollar (which weighed 412.5 grains), making it more competitive in international markets, particularly in China, where silver was favored over gold.

1879-1885: Proof Strikes Only

  • After 1878, the production of business strikes ceased due to the declining value of silver and the coin's widespread rejection within the U.S. Despite being demonetized by Congress in 1876 (meaning they were no longer legal tender domestically), the Trade Dollar continued to be struck in small numbers as proof coins from 1879 to 1885 for collectors.

  • These proof coins are rare and highly sought after by numismatists. The final year of issue, 1885, saw an extremely limited mintage, with only 5 proof examples known to exist, making it one of the most coveted coins in U.S. numismatics.

Key Varieties and Die Changes

Several varieties and die changes exist within the Trade Dollar series, offering advanced collectors multiple challenges to pursue:

  1. Type I and Type II Varieties:

    • The Type I variety features the earlier obverse and reverse designs used from 1873 to 1876, while the Type II varieties (introduced in 1875 for the reverse and 1876 for the obverse) reflect subtle changes, such as alterations to the shape of the stars and the eagle's claw feathers. Collectors can distinguish between these types by examining the number of tail feathers and the star shape on the obverse.

    • Type I/II and Type II/I transitional varieties can be especially valuable, as they represent changes in the dies used by the mint.

  2. Motto Varieties:

    • There are varieties that differ in the positioning and clarity of the motto “IN GOD WE TRUST” on the ribbon beneath Liberty. These varieties are often minor but are important to specialists who collect based on die diagnostics.

  3. 1875-S/CC Overmintmark:

    • The 1875-S/CC overmintmark variety is one of the most famous Trade Dollar varieties. On these coins, the San Francisco Mint used a die originally intended for the Carson City Mint, resulting in a distinctive “S” over “CC” mintmark on the reverse. This variety is highly desirable among collectors due to its rarity and the visual intrigue of the overmintmark.

  4. Proof Varieties:

    • Proof Trade Dollars from 1879 to 1885 were struck with exceptional care, and these coins exhibit deep mirrors and sharp strikes. Several proof-only varieties exist, including differences in die polishing, die cracks, and doubled dies.

    • The 1884 and 1885 proof Trade Dollars are among the rarest and most valuable U.S. coins, with 1885 being particularly famous for its extreme rarity, with only 5 known examples.

Interesting Historical Facts

  • Demonetization in 1876: Despite being designed for international trade, the Trade Dollar became problematic in the domestic market. Many Americans unwittingly accepted the coins in circulation, only to discover that the coins were not redeemable at full value. As a result, the Trade Dollar was demonetized in 1876, meaning it was no longer legal tender for domestic transactions.

  • China Chop Marks: Many Trade Dollars that circulated in China bear chop marks—small counterstamps placed by Chinese merchants to verify the coin's authenticity. These chop-marked Trade Dollars are of significant interest to collectors due to their historical association with the China trade. Depending on the number and placement of chop marks, they can either enhance or detract from a coin’s value.

  • Legal Resumption: In 1887, Congress passed a law that allowed Trade Dollars to be redeemed at face value, effectively ending their controversial history in domestic circulation.

Morgan Dollar 1878-1921

The Morgan Dollar, minted from 1878 to 1921, is one of the most iconic and widely collected U.S. silver coins. It holds a unique place in numismatic history due to its intricate design, numerous varieties, and historical significance related to the mining of silver during the late 19th century.

Designer: George T. Morgan

The Morgan Dollar was designed by George T. Morgan, an assistant engraver at the U.S. Mint who later became the Chief Engraver. Morgan, a British-born engraver, was tasked with creating a new silver dollar design that would replace the Seated Liberty Dollar. His design became known for its detailed and bold artistry, emphasizing realism and national symbolism.

Design Features

Obverse:

  • The obverse features a left-facing Lady Liberty modeled after Anna Willess Williams, a Philadelphia schoolteacher whose profile was chosen to represent Liberty in a classical yet modernized form. Morgan's intent was to move away from the Roman-style portrayals of Liberty, making the design more American in appearance.

  • Liberty wears a Phrygian cap, a classical symbol of freedom, and a ribbon inscribed with the word “LIBERTY”. The obverse also features 13 stars around the border, representing the original colonies, along with the date of minting.

Reverse:

  • The reverse design features a bald eagle with wings outstretched, holding an olive branch in its right talon and arrows in its left, symbolizing the nation's readiness for peace but also prepared for war.

  • Above the eagle’s head is the motto “IN GOD WE TRUST” in bold lettering, a notable element in U.S. coinage.

  • The reverse also displays the denomination “ONE DOLLAR” and “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA” along the border.

Historical Context

The Morgan Dollar was born out of the Bland-Allison Act of 1878, which required the U.S. Treasury to purchase large quantities of silver from western mines and mint it into silver dollars. This was a political compromise between silver mining interests, which wanted the government to buy their silver, and those opposed to the unrestricted coinage of silver.

The Morgan Dollar became a symbol of the Silver Lobby during the late 19th century, especially during the debates over bimetallism (the use of both gold and silver as currency standards). The coin's production was suspended in 1904 when the demand for silver dollars decreased, but it resumed briefly in 1921 due to the Pittman Act of 1918, which called for the melting of millions of silver dollars to aid Britain during World War I.

Minting and Key Dates

Morgan Dollars were minted at five U.S. Mint locations: Philadelphia (no mintmark), San Francisco (S), New Orleans (O), Carson City (CC), and Denver (D). Each mintmark is located below the wreath on the reverse.

  1. Philadelphia (no mintmark): Most common across the series, with the largest output of coins.

  2. San Francisco (S): Known for high-quality strikes, with coins often displaying sharp details and strong luster.

  3. New Orleans (O): Coins from this mint can be known for weaker strikes due to the machinery used.

  4. Carson City (CC): Highly desirable among collectors due to the relatively low mintages and their association with the Wild West.

  5. Denver (D): Only produced in 1921 for a single year.

Key Dates and Varieties

There are several key dates, major varieties, and error coins within the Morgan Dollar series that make it an exciting field for numismatists. Below are some of the most notable coins and varieties:

Key Dates:

  1. 1879-S Reverse of 1878: This variety features an older reverse design with parallel top arrow feathers.

  2. 1881-CC: A low-mintage Carson City issue, prized for its scarcity and condition rarity.

  3. 1889-CC: One of the rarest and most desirable Carson City dollars, known for its low mintage and premium value.

  4. 1893-S: Considered the rarest regular-issue Morgan Dollar, with only 100,000 minted. High-grade specimens command significant premiums.

  5. 1895 Proof: Known as the “King of Morgan Dollars,” with only 880 proofs minted and no business strikes for the year.

Major Varieties and Overdates

  1. 1878 8 Tail Feathers (TF):

    • The original reverse design featured 8 tail feathers on the eagle. These were deemed anatomically incorrect and later changed.

  2. 1878 7 Tail Feathers (TF):

    • The modified reverse, featuring 7 tail feathers, is more common but has several important sub-varieties, such as:

      • 7/8 Tail Feathers (TF): Shows remnants of the 8 feathers beneath the 7 feathers.

  3. 1878 7 Tail Feathers Reverse of 1879:

    • A reverse design change occurred in 1879, and some 1878 coins show the updated reverse.

  4. 1879-S Reverse of 1878:

    • A transitional variety, where the 1879-S has the older reverse used in 1878.

  5. 1880/79 Overdates:

    • 1880/79-CC: A notable overdate, where remnants of the "79" are visible beneath the "80."

    • 1880/79-S: Similar overdate variety from the San Francisco Mint.

  6. 1887/6 Overdate:

    • Visible overdate with remnants of the 6 visible under the 7 on some dies.

  7. 1888-O “Hot Lips”:

    • A dramatic doubled die obverse (DDO) where Liberty's lips appear doubled, creating the "Hot Lips" variety.

  8. 1889-CC:

    • One of the rarest Carson City Morgan Dollars, highly collectible due to its low mintage.

  9. 1893-S:

    • The lowest mintage of any regular-issue Morgan Dollar, making it the most valuable and key date in the series.

  10. 1895-P Proof:

  • Known as the “King of Morgan Dollars,” only 880 proof Morgan Dollars were struck in Philadelphia in 1895, and no business strikes exist from this year.

11. 1900-O/CC Overmintmark:

  • A rare overmintmark variety where the New Orleans (O) mintmark was stamped over the Carson City (CC) mintmark.

12. 1894-P:

  • The second rarest business strike Morgan dollar with a mere mintage of 110,000. Extremely scarce in all grades.

Notable VAM Varieties

1878 Varieties (First Year of Issue)

  • VAM 44 (Broken R): Features a broken “R” in the word "TRUST" on the reverse.

  • VAM 9 (Doubled Eyelid): A doubled eyelid on Liberty's profile.

  • VAM 81 (Parallel Arrow Feathers): A parallel arrow feather variety on the reverse.

1879 Varieties

  • 1879-S Reverse of 1878: Early use of the older reverse die from 1878 on some 1879 coins.

  • VAM 66 (Clear Mintmark): A particularly clear mintmark on the reverse.

  • VAM 3 (Capped Die): A capped die reverse variety on some 1879-CC coins.

1888 Varieties

  • VAM 1B (Scarface): A large die crack running diagonally across Liberty’s face.

  • VAM 11 (Doubled Reverse): A doubled die reverse variety.

1891 Varieties

  • VAM 2A (Spitting Eagle): Features a die crack extending from the eagle’s beak to the wing, giving the appearance of the eagle spitting.

1899 Varieties

  • VAM 5 (Bar Wing): A bar appears between the eagle's right wing and tail feathers.

Error Varieties

  1. Clashed Dies:

    • Several Morgan Dollars show strong die clashes, where design elements from one side of the coin transfer to the other during striking. One of the more famous examples is the "E" clash on 1888-O Morgans, where a portion of the "E" in "LibERTY" appears on the reverse.

  2. Die Cracks:

    • Some Morgans, particularly from the Carson City Mint, show die cracks, which can add significant interest and value. These cracks are often dramatic and highly collectible.

  3. Doubled Dies:

    • Double die obverses and reverses exist for several dates, particularly on earlier strikes like 1878 and 1880, as well as on later dates like 1888-O (“Hot Lips”).

  4. Repunched Mintmarks (RPMs):

    • Various dates exhibit repunched mintmarks, where a mintmark was struck more than once, leading to a slight doubling effect. These are commonly found on New Orleans and Carson City coins.

  5. Off-Center Strikes:

    • Occasionally, Morgan Dollars were struck off-center, creating a misalignment that is visible and collectible.

  6. Die Adjustment Strikes:

    • Some coins show signs of weak strikes caused by adjustments to the pressure used during striking, creating unique features.

Historical Facts and Interesting Details

  • The Silver Lobby: The creation of the Morgan Dollar was heavily influenced by the silver mining industry. The Bland-Allison Act, which mandated the Treasury to purchase silver, was largely a result of political pressure from silver-producing states.

  • The Pittman Act of 1918: Millions of Morgan Dollars were melted under this act to provide silver bullion to Britain during World War I. This significantly reduced the population of earlier-dated Morgan Dollars, increasing their rarity.

  • Final Year – 1921: After a long hiatus, the Morgan Dollar was revived in 1921 for one final year of production. This was the last year of the series before it was replaced by the Peace Dollar.

Collecting Morgan Dollars

The Morgan Dollar is a favorite among collectors due to its large size, historical significance, and the wide variety of dates, mintmarks, and varieties available. Collecting Morgan Dollars can range from assembling a basic set of common dates to pursuing specialized collections of high-grade, key-date, or VAM varieties.

Peace Dollar 1921-1935

The Peace Dollar series, minted from 1921 to 1935, is the last silver dollar series struck for circulation by the United States Mint. The Peace Dollar is an iconic coin that commemorated the end of World War I and the hopes for peace in its aftermath. Below is a detailed account of its history, the designer, notable varieties, and key information aimed at numismatic experts.

Historical Context

The Peace Dollar was introduced following World War I to symbolize peace and a new era of tranquility. It replaced the Morgan Dollar, which had been struck intermittently since 1878. The Peace Dollar was authorized by the Pittman Act of 1918, which required the melting of millions of Morgan Dollars, with the silver to be repurposed for new coinage. In December 1921, the U.S. Mint began producing Peace Dollars to meet this requirement.

Designer

The Peace Dollar was designed by Anthony de Francisci, an Italian-American sculptor who won a competition held in 1921 by the Commission of Fine Arts. De Francisci's design was influenced by his wife, Teresa, who served as the model for Liberty. The obverse features Liberty’s head in profile, adorned with a radiant crown reminiscent of the Statue of Liberty. The reverse of the coin shows a bald eagle perched on a rock, holding an olive branch, with the word "PEACE" inscribed below.

Key Design Features

  • Obverse: Lady Liberty with flowing hair, wearing a radiate crown. The word LIBERTY appears at the top, and IN GOD WE TRVST is inscribed (with the "U" in "TRUST" rendered in Roman style as "V").

  • Reverse: A bald eagle perched on a rock, clutching an olive branch, symbolizing peace. The word PEACE appears at the bottom, with the words UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and E PLURIBUS UNUM encircling the top.

Minting History

The Peace Dollar was struck at three mints:

  • Philadelphia (No Mint Mark)

  • Denver (D)

  • San Francisco (S)

Detailed Information About All Available Varieties

1921 High Relief Peace Dollar

  • Mintage: 1,006,473

  • Variety: The 1921 Peace Dollar was struck in high relief, which was a technical challenge for the Mint. The high-relief design created a striking, bold appearance but caused rapid die wear, leading to its discontinuation after 1921. The high-relief 1921 Peace Dollar is a key date and variety in the series, cherished by collectors for its strong relief and aesthetic appeal.

1922 Low Relief Transition

  • Mintage: 51,737,000 (Philadelphia), 15,063,000 (Denver), 17,475,000 (San Francisco)

  • Variety: In 1922, the Peace Dollar was transitioned to a lower relief design due to production difficulties encountered with the high-relief strikes. This low-relief design was used for the rest of the series. There are notable die varieties from this year, including VAM (Van Allen-Mallis) varieties, which catalog distinctive die characteristics. Some key VAMs for 1922 include:

    • VAM-1B (Die Breaks or Cracks)

    • VAM-2C (Doubled Die Reverse)

1922 Matte Proof

  • Mintage: Unknown (Extremely rare, only a few dozen)

  • Variety: Matte proofs were made in extremely small quantities for presentation purposes or collectors. These are highly coveted and valuable, with known specimens fetching high premiums at auctions.

1923 Peace Dollar

  • Mintage: 30,800,000 (Philadelphia), 6,811,000 (Denver), 19,020,000 (San Francisco)

  • Varieties: The 1923 Peace Dollar is known for a number of die varieties cataloged in the VAM system. Some notable varieties include doubled dies and die cracks on the reverse.

1928 Peace Dollar (Key Date)

  • Mintage: 360,649

  • Variety: The 1928 Peace Dollar is considered the rarest regular-issue Peace Dollar, especially from the Philadelphia Mint. It commands a premium in all conditions and is a key date for collectors aiming to complete a Peace Dollar set.

1934 Doubled Die Obverse

  • Mintage: 954,057 (Philadelphia), 1,569,500 (Denver), 6,360,000 (San Francisco)

  • Variety: One of the most notable varieties in the Peace Dollar series is the 1934 Doubled Die Obverse (DDO), where strong doubling is visible on the obverse, particularly in the date and some lettering. This is a highly desirable variety for collectors.

1935 Last Year of Issue

  • Mintage: 1,576,000 (Philadelphia), 1,964,000 (San Francisco)

  • Varieties: Several VAM varieties exist for the 1935 Peace Dollar, including doubled die obverses and some die cracks. The 1935-S Peace Dollar is noted for weak strikes, especially on the reverse, making well-struck examples highly collectible.

Other Notable VAM Varieties

  1. 1922 VAM-12A (Broken Wing Eagle):

    • This variety shows a die break on the eagle’s wing, making it a significant variety in the 1922 issue.

  2. 1923-S VAM-1B2 (Whisker Jaw):

    • Features a die crack near Liberty’s chin, giving the appearance of a "whisker."

  3. 1934-S VAM-3 (Small S):

    • A notable variety where the "S" mintmark is smaller than usual, making this an important variety for 1934-S Peace Dollars.

Collecting Peace Dollars

  • Key Dates: 1921 High Relief, 1928, and 1934-S are considered the key dates in the series. Additionally, 1922 Matte Proofs are extremely rare and valuable.

  • Condition Sensitivity: The Peace Dollar series is known for its condition sensitivity, especially in higher grades. Coins from the San Francisco Mint (S) often suffer from weaker strikes, and finding well-struck examples can command a premium.

  • VAM Varieties: Collecting VAM varieties is a popular subfield of Peace Dollar collecting, and several of the VAM varieties are highly sought after due to their unique characteristics.

Ike Dollar 1971-1978

The Eisenhower Dollar, often called the Ike Dollar, was minted from 1971 to 1978 and is notable for being the last large-size dollar coin struck for circulation by the United States Mint. It honors Dwight D. Eisenhower, the 34th President of the United States and a prominent military leader during World War II, as well as the Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969, which is symbolized on the reverse of the coin.

Designer

The Ike Dollar was designed by two artists:

  • Obverse: Designed by Frank Gasparro, the Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint at the time, the obverse features a portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower.

  • Reverse: The reverse design, also by Frank Gasparro, features an eagle landing on the moon, holding an olive branch in its talons—a tribute to the Apollo 11 mission, which was the first successful manned moon landing.

Key Design Features

  • Obverse: A right-facing profile of Eisenhower with the words "LIBERTY", "IN GOD WE TRUST", and the date beneath.

  • Reverse: Depicts an eagle landing on the moon, inspired by the Apollo 11 insignia, with the earth in the background and "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "E PLURIBUS UNUM", and the denomination "ONE DOLLAR" inscribed.

Minting History

The Eisenhower Dollar was struck at three U.S. Mint facilities:

  • Philadelphia (No Mint Mark)

  • Denver (D)

  • San Francisco (S) (Proof and Silver issues)

Types of Ike Dollars

There are two main types of Ike Dollars:

  1. Clad Composition (Copper-Nickel Clad Coins): These were the standard issues intended for circulation and were struck at the Philadelphia and Denver mints.

  2. 40% Silver Composition: Special issues of Eisenhower Dollars were struck in 40% silver for collectors. These were produced at the San Francisco Mint, and both uncirculated and proof versions exist.

Available Varieties and Notable Dates

1971

  • 1971-D (Denver Mint): 68,587,424 minted

  • 1971-S Silver Uncirculated: 6,868,530 minted

  • 1971-S Silver Proof: 4,265,234 minted

    • Variety: This is the first year of the Eisenhower Dollar, and the 1971-S Silver Proof and Uncirculated varieties are popular with collectors due to their lower mintage and silver content. There are no notable varieties in the clad versions for this year.

1972

  • 1972-D (Denver Mint): 92,548,511 minted

  • 1972-S Silver Uncirculated: 2,193,056 minted

  • 1972-S Silver Proof: 1,811,631 minted

    • Varieties: The 1972 Eisenhower Dollar has three notable varieties related to the reverse design of the Earth above the eagle's head:

      • Type 1: Low relief, most common, seen early in production.

      • Type 2: Scarcer variety, characterized by a distinctively different shape of the Earth and less prominent islands around Florida and the Caribbean. It is one of the rarest varieties in the entire Ike Dollar series.

      • Type 3: Sharper design of the Earth and islands. It is the most refined design used later in the year.

1973

  • 1973-D (Denver Mint): 1,769,258 minted

  • 1973-S Silver Uncirculated: 1,000,000 minted

  • 1973-S Silver Proof: 1,013,646 minted

    • Varieties: 1973 marked the production of clad Eisenhower Dollars, but these were only available in mint sets and were not struck for general circulation. The low mintage of this year’s clad issues makes them more valuable and collectible.

1974

  • 1974-D (Denver Mint): 45,517,000 minted

  • 1974-S Silver Uncirculated: 1,900,156 minted

  • 1974-S Silver Proof: 1,306,579 minted

    • Varieties: The standard 1974 Ike Dollars in clad and silver are notable for their typical design, but there are no significant die varieties for this year.

1975-1976 Bicentennial Issues

  • Dual Date 1776-1976 Eisenhower Dollars: These coins feature a dual date and were minted to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. The reverse design, by Dennis R. Williams, shows the Liberty Bell superimposed over the moon.

  • Varieties:

    • Type 1: Bold lettering on the reverse, struck in 1975.

    • Type 2: More delicate, refined lettering, struck in 1976.

  • Silver Bicentennial Versions:

    • The San Francisco Mint also struck 40% silver Bicentennial Uncirculated and Proof coins, which are highly sought after by collectors.

1977

  • 1977-D (Denver Mint): 32,983,006 minted

  • 1977-S Silver Proof: 3,251,152 minted

    • Varieties: No notable varieties for this year, but both clad and silver versions were struck.

1978 (Final Year of Issue)

  • 1978-D (Denver Mint): 33,012,890 minted

  • 1978-S Silver Proof: 3,102,000 minted

    • Varieties: 1978 marked the last year of the Eisenhower Dollar series. There are no major die varieties, but the final-year coins are popular with collectors seeking to complete a set.

Collecting Ike Dollars

  • Key Dates: 1972 Type 2 and the 1973-D clad Eisenhower Dollar are key dates for this series due to their lower mintages and scarcity in high grades.

  • Proof and Silver Issues: The silver versions from the San Francisco Mint (1971-S to 1978-S) are particularly desirable among collectors, with the proof examples being especially prized for their higher quality and striking details.

  • Bicentennial Issues: The 1975-1976 Bicentennial issues are popular due to their historical significance and the two distinct varieties (Type 1 and Type 2).

VAM Varieties and Errors

For those numismatists who specialize in Varieties and Errors, several Eisenhower Dollar coins have been cataloged in the VAM (Van Allen-Mallis) system, particularly focusing on specific die varieties and characteristics. For instance, some 1972 Type 2 dollars feature minor die rotations or doubled die reverses, which can add substantial value.

Susan B. Anthony Dollar 1979-1999

The Susan B. Anthony Dollar, minted from 1979 to 1981 and then again in 1999, was the first U.S. coin to feature a real, non-allegorical woman, honoring the prominent women's rights activist Susan B. Anthony. It was a groundbreaking coin in terms of its social significance, though it faced challenges in public acceptance due to its size and similarity to the quarter.

Designer

The Susan B. Anthony Dollar was designed by Frank Gasparro, the U.S. Mint's Chief Engraver at the time. Gasparro also designed the Eisenhower Dollar and the Lincoln Memorial reverse of the cent.

  • Obverse: The obverse features a right-facing portrait of Susan B. Anthony. Around the rim of the coin are the words "LIBERTY" and "IN GOD WE TRUST", with 13 stars encircling the design.

  • Reverse: The reverse design is identical to that of the Eisenhower Dollar, featuring an eagle landing on the moon, clutching an olive branch. The earth can be seen in the background. The reverse honors the Apollo 11 moon landing and is based on the mission patch for the Apollo program.

Historical Context

  • The coin was intended as a replacement for the larger Eisenhower Dollar. The rationale behind the design was to create a coin that would be more portable and useful in commerce, but the size and color of the coin caused confusion with the quarter, which hindered its widespread adoption.

  • The Susan B. Anthony Dollar was initially minted for just three years (1979-1981), and production was halted due to its unpopularity. However, in 1999, the U.S. Mint resumed production to meet demand for dollar coins until the Sacagawea Dollar could be released.

Key Design Features

  • Obverse: Portrait of Susan B. Anthony, with the inscriptions "LIBERTY", "IN GOD WE TRUST", and the date.

  • Reverse: A bald eagle landing on the moon, similar to the reverse of the Eisenhower Dollar, symbolizing the Apollo 11 mission. It features the inscriptions "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "E PLURIBUS UNUM", and the denomination "ONE DOLLAR".

Minting History and Varieties

1979

  • 1979-P (Philadelphia Mint): 360,222,000 minted

  • 1979-D (Denver Mint): 288,015,744 minted

  • 1979-S (San Francisco Mint): 109,576,000 minted (clad proofs and circulation strikes)

    • Varieties:

      • 1979-P Narrow Rim (Near Date): This variety is characterized by a wide space between the rim and the date. It was the original design used early in production.

      • 1979-P Wide Rim (Far Date): This variety has a narrow gap between the rim and the date and is more desirable for collectors due to its relative scarcity. It was a design adjustment made later in the year.

1980

  • 1980-P (Philadelphia Mint): 27,610,000 minted

  • 1980-D (Denver Mint): 41,628,708 minted

  • 1980-S (San Francisco Mint): 20,422,000 minted (Proofs)

    • Varieties: No significant die varieties exist for the 1980 issues, though both clad circulation and proof versions were produced.

1981

  • 1981-P (Philadelphia Mint): 3,000,000 minted

  • 1981-D (Denver Mint): 3,250,000 minted

  • 1981-S (San Francisco Mint): 4,063,000 minted (Proofs)

    • Varieties:

      • 1981-S Type 1 Proof: Features a "filled S" mintmark, which is a more rounded and less distinct mintmark.

      • 1981-S Type 2 Proof: Features a "clear S" mintmark, which is sharper and more pronounced. The Type 2 Proof is significantly scarcer than the Type 1, making it highly desirable among collectors.

1999 (Final Production Year)

  • 1999-P (Philadelphia Mint): 29,592,000 minted

  • 1999-D (Denver Mint): 11,776,000 minted

  • 1999-S (San Francisco Mint): 750,000 minted (Proofs)

    • Varieties: The 1999 issues were struck to meet the increasing demand for dollar coins, particularly for use in vending machines and mass transit systems, as a stopgap measure before the release of the Sacagawea Dollar. There are no notable varieties for the 1999 coins.

Varieties and Errors

While the Susan B. Anthony Dollar series is relatively short-lived, there are a few varieties and errors that are noteworthy for collectors:

  • 1979-P Wide Rim (Far Date): This variety, mentioned earlier, is one of the most sought-after coins in the series due to its limited production. It's easily distinguished by the closeness of the date to the rim.

  • 1981-S Type 2 Clear S Proof: The clearer and more defined "S" mintmark makes this coin a key variety, with significantly fewer minted than the Type 1.

  • Die Cracks and Striking Errors: Like many modern coins, some Susan B. Anthony Dollars exhibit minor die cracks, doubled dies, and striking errors. These can vary in value based on the degree of the error and its rarity.

Collecting Susan B. Anthony Dollars

  • Key Dates and Varieties:

    • 1979-P Wide Rim (Far Date): One of the scarcest varieties and a key for any complete set.

    • 1981-S Type 2 Proof: A key variety due to its lower mintage and desirability among collectors.

    • 1999 Circulation Issues: These coins were not widely distributed in the same numbers as earlier issues, making them relatively scarce in high-grade conditions.

Historical Significance

The Susan B. Anthony Dollar marks an important transition in U.S. coinage:

  • It was the first small-sized dollar coin, intended to make the dollar coin more practical for everyday use.

  • The series is also significant for its portrayal of a historical female figure, making a statement about women's contributions to American history.

  • Despite the coin's unpopularity in circulation, it paved the way for the more successful Sacagawea Dollar and the Presidential Dollar series that followed.

Sacagawea Dollar 2000-Present

The Sacagawea Dollar, also known as the Golden Dollar, was introduced in 2000 by the U.S. Mint. It was part of an effort to replace the unpopular Susan B. Anthony Dollar with a more distinctive and widely accepted coin. The coin honors Sacagawea, the Shoshone woman who assisted the Lewis and Clark expedition in the early 19th century.

Designer and Design Features

The Sacagawea Dollar was designed by Glenna Goodacre, an acclaimed sculptor. The design features both artistic and historical significance.

  • Obverse: The obverse of the Sacagawea Dollar depicts a portrait of Sacagawea carrying her infant son, Jean Baptiste Charbonneau. Sacagawea is shown in a soft, elegant manner, reflecting her critical role as a guide and interpreter in the Lewis and Clark expedition. The inscriptions "LIBERTY", "IN GOD WE TRUST", and the date appear around the edge.

  • Reverse: The original reverse design by Thomas D. Rogers Sr. features a soaring eagle with 17 stars, representing the 17 states in the Union when Lewis and Clark completed their expedition in 1804. The inscriptions include "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "E PLURIBUS UNUM", and the denomination "ONE DOLLAR".

Historic Facts

  • The Sacagawea Dollar was the first U.S. coin with an outer layer of manganese brass, giving it a golden color. Despite this color, the coin contains no actual gold.

  • It was introduced in 2000 as a modern, durable replacement for the Susan B. Anthony Dollar, which had failed to gain widespread usage due to its size and similarity to the quarter.

  • The U.S. Mint initially released millions of Sacagawea Dollars, distributing them through the Postal Service and banks. However, like the Anthony Dollar, the Sacagawea Dollar struggled in circulation but found some success in specific sectors like vending machines and transportation systems.

Varieties and Key Issues

2000-P “Cheerios” Dollar

One of the most notable varieties of the Sacagawea Dollar is the 2000-P "Cheerios" Dollar. In an attempt to promote the coin’s release, the U.S. Mint placed Sacagawea Dollars into boxes of Cheerios cereal. However, some of these dollars are now known to feature a high-detail tail feather pattern on the reverse eagle, which differs from the regular issues. These coins are considered rare and are highly sought after by collectors.

  • Mintage: Unknown; these coins are quite scarce, and their distinctive tail feathers make them one of the most valuable varieties in the series.

2000-P Wounded Eagle Variety

Another important variety is the 2000-P Wounded Eagle, which is a die error where raised lines appear across the eagle's breast, resembling a wound. This error is the result of a die gouge and is another significant variety in the series.

  • Mintage: Low, with this error making it a desirable variety for collectors.

2000-P Glenna Goodacre Presentation Pieces

Sculptor Glenna Goodacre, who designed the obverse of the coin, was paid in 5,000 Sacagawea Dollars, specially struck and hand-selected by the U.S. Mint. These coins were burnished to give them a distinctive finish, making them unique presentation pieces. While not released into circulation, these coins have become prized by numismatists due to their unique status.

  • Mintage: 5,000 (all given to Glenna Goodacre as payment).

2001 and Later Issues

After the initial release in 2000, the U.S. Mint continued striking Sacagawea Dollars in the following years, though primarily for collectors and for special uses (like vending machines) rather than general circulation.

From 2009 onward, the Sacagawea Dollar transitioned into the Native American $1 Coin Program, which featured new reverse designs each year celebrating important contributions made by Native American tribes and individuals. While the obverse with Sacagawea and her child remained unchanged, the reverse began showcasing a series of different designs:

Native American $1 Coin Program Reverse Designs

  1. 2009: The reverse shows a Native American woman planting seeds in a field, symbolizing the contributions of Native Americans to agriculture, particularly in developing staple crops like corn, beans, and squash.

  2. 2010: This design depicts a Native American man offering a ceremonial pipe of peace to a European settler, symbolizing early treaties and alliances.

  3. 2011: The reverse commemorates the Wampanoag Treaty of 1621, depicting the Wampanoag chief Massasoit and the ceremonial peace pipe.

  4. 2012: The 2012 reverse design honors Sacagawea’s role as a navigator on the Lewis and Clark expedition, showing a canoe carrying Native American figures.

  5. 2013-2023: Various designs continue to highlight contributions by Native Americans in different fields, including military service, governance, and environmental conservation.

Mint Locations and Strikes

  • Philadelphia (P): Regular issues were struck here with the "P" mintmark.

  • Denver (D): The Denver Mint also produced circulation and collector pieces with the "D" mintmark.

  • San Francisco (S): Proof coins were struck at the San Francisco Mint with the "S" mintmark. These proof issues are highly polished and are intended for collectors.

  • Special Satin Finish: From 2005 to 2010, the U.S. Mint released Sacagawea Dollars with a special satin finish as part of the uncirculated mint sets. These coins have a distinctively smoother texture compared to regular business strikes.

Mintage and Circulation Trends

  • 2000: The initial year saw the highest mintage, with hundreds of millions struck. These coins are relatively common, though varieties like the Cheerios Dollar and the Wounded Eagle are exceptions.

  • 2001-2008: Mintages dropped significantly as the coin became less popular in circulation, making later dates scarcer, particularly in higher grades.

  • 2009-Present (Native American $1 Coin Program): Although mintages remained low compared to the 2000 issue, these coins were mostly produced for collectors and were available through direct purchase from the U.S. Mint.

Collecting Sacagawea Dollars

Collectors value the Sacagawea Dollar for its unique design and historical significance. Key varieties like the 2000-P Cheerios Dollar, the 2000-P Wounded Eagle, and the Glenna Goodacre Presentation Pieces are highly desirable. The introduction of the Native American $1 Coin Program added diversity to the series, with each year offering a new reverse design that celebrates Native American heritage and contributions.

Presidential Dollar 2007-Present

The Presidential Dollar Coin Series was a U.S. Mint program launched in 2007 to honor the U.S. presidents by featuring their likenesses on $1 coins. The program ended in 2016 after featuring 39 deceased presidents. This series of coins was struck in both circulation quality and collector versions, with special finishes, varieties, and errors that appeal to numismatic experts.

Overview of the Series

  1. Authorization: The Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–145) authorized the production of dollar coins to honor the U.S. presidents in the order they served. To be eligible for inclusion, a president must have been deceased for at least two years.

  2. Program Duration: The program ran from 2007 to 2016, with four presidents featured each year, except for the final year when only three coins were issued, bringing the total to 39 coins.

  3. Design Features:

    • Obverse: Each coin features a portrait of a U.S. president, designed by various artists. The name of the president, years of their presidency, and the inscription "IN GOD WE TRUST" (added to the obverse in 2009 after public feedback) are present.

    • Reverse: The reverse of each coin, designed by Don Everhart, features a rendition of the Statue of Liberty.

    • Edge: Unlike most U.S. coins, the Presidential Dollar has edge inscriptions, including the year of minting, the mintmark, and the inscriptions "E PLURIBUS UNUM" and "IN GOD WE TRUST" (from 2007 to 2008). The edge inscriptions moved to the obverse starting in 2009.

Designers and Minting Details

  • Obverse Designers: Different artists designed the obverses for each president's coin, with sculptors such as Joseph Menna, Phebe Hemphill, and Don Everhart contributing to the series.

  • Reverse Designer: The reverse, featuring the Statue of Liberty, was consistently designed by Don Everhart, a U.S. Mint sculptor-engraver.

Historical Facts and Minting Trends

  • The Presidential Dollar series began in 2007 with George Washington, the nation’s first president, and continued through to the 39th president, Ronald Reagan, in 2016.

  • Early in the series, the coins were intended for circulation, but poor public reception led to millions of the coins being stockpiled in Federal Reserve vaults. After 2011, the U.S. Mint stopped producing them for general circulation and focused on numismatic issues.

  • Edge inscriptions became a controversial feature due to minting errors, where some coins were released without edge lettering, creating valuable error coins known as "Smooth Edge Errors".

Key Varieties and Collectible Issues

1. Smooth Edge Errors (2007-2009)

These errors occurred when coins were minted without their edge lettering, either due to mechanical issues or human error. The most famous of these are:

  • 2007-P George Washington Smooth Edge Error: Missing the "IN GOD WE TRUST" inscription and date, these are among the most well-known errors of the series.

  • 2007 John Adams Smooth Edge Error: Similar to the Washington error, these coins lack the required edge lettering.

These errors occurred at both the Philadelphia (P) and Denver (D) Mints, and their rarity makes them highly desirable for collectors.

2. "Missing Edge Lettering" Varieties (2007-2008)

Due to improper striking, several coins from the early part of the series have missing edge inscriptions. Collectors particularly seek 2007 P/D Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison coins with this flaw.

3. "Weak Edge Lettering" Varieties

In some cases, the edge inscriptions were applied but very faintly, leading to coins with weak or almost illegible lettering. These are collectible varieties, particularly when well-preserved.

4. Position A and Position B Varieties

Since the edge inscriptions were applied after the obverse and reverse were struck, the orientation of the lettering could vary. Two positions exist:

  • Position A: Edge lettering is right-side-up when the obverse is facing up.

  • Position B: Edge lettering is upside-down when the obverse is facing up.

While neither variety is rarer than the other, collectors often seek both orientations for completeness.

5. Proof Varieties

Each Presidential Dollar was struck in a proof version at the San Francisco Mint (S) with a mirrored finish and frosted devices. These proof coins are popular among collectors for their higher production quality and detailed strikes.

Presidential Dollar Coins (2007–2016)

The Presidential Dollar series features the following coins, listed by year:

  • 2007: George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison

  • 2008: James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren

  • 2009: William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor

  • 2010: Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln

  • 2011: Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield

  • 2012: Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland (1st Term), Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland (2nd Term)

  • 2013: William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson

  • 2014: Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt

  • 2015: Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson

  • 2016: Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan

Detailed Information on Key Varieties

  1. 2007-P George Washington "Smooth Edge" Dollar

    • One of the first significant error varieties, with no edge inscriptions.

    • Highly sought after, particularly in uncirculated condition.

  2. 2007-P/D John Adams Dollar "Smooth Edge"

    • Similar to the Washington variety, but slightly more common.

  3. 2008-P/D Andrew Jackson "Weak Edge Lettering"

    • Example of a weak edge lettering error, where inscriptions are faint or missing entirely.

  4. Proof Presidential Dollars

    • Produced for collectors by the San Francisco Mint, with much sharper details and a mirror-like finish. Proof sets are highly prized by collectors seeking high-quality strikes.

American Innovation Dollar 2018-2032

The American Innovation Dollar series is a unique numismatic program from the United States Mint that began in 2018 and continues to showcase various innovations and inventions from each of the 50 U.S. states, five U.S. territories, and the District of Columbia. The coins are non-circulating but are struck in both uncirculated and proof finishes for collectors.

Overview of the Series

  1. Authorization: The series was authorized by the American Innovation $1 Coin Act of 2018 (Public Law 115–197), which created a four-coin-per-year program to honor American innovators and inventions from each state and U.S. territory.

  2. Duration: The program runs from 2018 to 2032, with a total of 56 coins being issued, representing all states, territories, and the District of Columbia.

  3. Denomination: Each coin has a $1 denomination but is not intended for circulation. These coins are primarily minted for collectors in uncirculated and proof finishes.

Design Features

  • Obverse: The common obverse of all coins in the series features the Statue of Liberty, designed by Justin Kunz and sculpted by Phebe Hemphill. The design showcases Liberty with a forward-facing gaze, symbolizing the innovative spirit of the United States.

  • Reverse: Each reverse design highlights a specific innovation, invention, or innovator associated with the respective state, territory, or the District of Columbia. The reverse designs are unique to each coin and reflect the specific contribution of the state or territory to American progress and innovation.

  • Edge Lettering: Like the Presidential Dollar series, the edge of each American Innovation Dollar features inscriptions with the year of minting, the mintmark (P, D, or S), and the motto “E PLURIBUS UNUM.”

Historical Facts and Minting Trends

  • Launch Coin (2018): The series began with an introductory coin that honors George Washington’s signing of the first U.S. patent. This initial coin was released in a collector’s proof set and uncirculated versions to commemorate the launch of the program.

  • The program gained significant attention from collectors, especially due to the intricacy of the designs and the broad range of historical innovations depicted.

  • The U.S. Mint struck the coins at the Philadelphia (P) and Denver (D) Mints for circulation-quality issues, and San Francisco (S) Mint for the proof issues.

Key Varieties and Collectible Issues

1. Proof and Reverse Proof Varieties

  • Proof coins have been struck for collectors at the San Francisco Mint since the beginning of the program, with sharp details and a mirror-like finish.

  • Reverse Proof coins were offered in special sets and featured a matte design on a polished background, making them highly desirable among collectors.

2. Uncirculated and Burnished Varieties

  • The uncirculated coins from Philadelphia and Denver are available in mint sets, rolls, and bags. These coins are struck with a standard finish.

  • Burnished varieties with a satiny finish are available for collectors and provide another level of detail and appeal.

3. Position A and Position B Edge Lettering Varieties

Similar to the Presidential Dollar series, the edge lettering on the American Innovation Dollar can be in two orientations:

  • Position A: Edge lettering is right-side-up when the obverse is facing up.

  • Position B: Edge lettering is upside-down when the obverse is facing up.

List of Released and Upcoming Coins

2018:

  1. Introductory Coin: Honors the signing of the first U.S. patent by George Washington on July 31, 1790. The reverse features stylized gears representing industry and innovation.

2019:

  1. Delaware: Honors Annie Jump Cannon’s work in astronomical classification.

  2. Pennsylvania: Honors the Polio Vaccine developed by Dr. Jonas Salk and his team.

  3. New Jersey: Features Edison’s Light Bulb, symbolizing the state’s role in innovation.

  4. Georgia: Depicts the Trustees’ Garden, established by James Oglethorpe in 1733 to introduce new crops.

2020:

  1. Connecticut: Celebrates the Gerber Variable Scale, invented by Heinz Joseph Gerber.

  2. Massachusetts: Highlights the telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell.

  3. Maryland: Depicts Hubble Space Telescope, a technological feat with Maryland’s contributions.

  4. South Carolina: Commemorates Septima Poinsette Clark and her work with literacy and civil rights.

2021:

  1. New Hampshire: Honors Ralph Baer, the father of video games, with the first home video game console.

  2. Virginia: Commemorates the development of Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, an engineering marvel.

  3. New York: Honors Erie Canal, which revolutionized transportation and trade.

  4. North Carolina: Celebrates the University of North Carolina, the first public university in the U.S.