Nickels and Half-Dimes
Shield Nickel 1866-1883
Introduction and Historical Context
The Shield Nickel was authorized by the Act of May 16, 1866, and it was struck from 1866 to 1883. Its introduction marked a shift away from silver coinage for smaller denominations, which had become impractical during the Civil War due to hoarding and the resulting shortage of circulating coinage. The Shield Nickel was part of a broader movement towards using nickel and copper in U.S. coins, a movement that also saw the creation of the Three-Cent Nickel.
The coin was struck from an alloy of 75% copper and 25% nickel, giving it a distinctive appearance and durability. Its introduction helped replace the unpopular fractional currency notes that were issued during the Civil War, providing a more durable and reliable medium for small transactions.
Designer
The Shield Nickel was designed by James Barton Longacre, the U.S. Mint’s Chief Engraver. Longacre, who had a long and prolific career at the Mint, also designed the Three-Cent Nickel, the Indian Head cent, and the Two-Cent Piece. His design for the Shield Nickel was inspired by the Union Shield, a symbol of national unity and strength, which was particularly resonant in the post-Civil War period.
Design Characteristics
Obverse: The obverse of the Shield Nickel features a large shield in the center, representing the Union. The shield is adorned with a cross at the top and is flanked by laurel branches, symbolizing peace. Above the shield, the motto "IN GOD WE TRUST" appears, while the date is inscribed below.
Reverse: The reverse design initially featured a large numeral "5" surrounded by stars and rays, representing the denomination. The inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" encircles the design. However, due to difficulties in striking the rays effectively, they were removed from the design in 1867, creating two distinct types within the series: "With Rays" and "Without Rays."
Interesting Historical Facts
First Nickel Five-Cent Coin: The Shield Nickel was the first five-cent coin made from a copper-nickel alloy, rather than silver. This change was part of a broader shift in U.S. coinage that reflected the economic realities of the post-Civil War era, where less valuable metals were preferred for everyday transactions.
Production Challenges: The Shield Nickel was struck using dies that were subject to rapid wear and tear due to the hardness of the nickel alloy. This led to many coins being weakly struck, particularly in the center of the shield. The problem was exacerbated by the rays on the reverse, which added additional pressure during striking and contributed to the decision to remove them in 1867.
Abolition of the Rays: The removal of the rays from the reverse design in mid-1867 was a practical decision aimed at extending the life of the dies and improving the quality of the strikes. This led to the creation of two major types within the series, both of which are of interest to collectors.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1866 With Rays: The first-year issue, 1866 "With Rays," is a key date in the series due to its historical significance as the inaugural Shield Nickel and the design that included rays on the reverse. While not excessively rare, it is more difficult to find in higher grades, particularly with a strong strike.
1867 With Rays: The 1867 "With Rays" variety was struck only for a short period before the rays were removed, making it a sought-after type coin. The 1867 "Without Rays" variety, struck later in the same year, is more common.
1877: The 1877 Shield Nickel is one of the scarcest dates in the series, with a low mintage of only 852,500. This date is particularly challenging to find in higher grades and is considered a key date for collectors.
1878 Proof Only: In 1878, no Shield Nickels were struck for circulation. Only proof coins were minted, with a total mintage of 2,350. This makes the 1878 issue rare and highly desirable, especially in high-grade proof condition.
1880-1883 Overdates: Several overdate varieties exist in the later years of the Shield Nickel series. The most notable is the 1883/2 overdate, where the date was originally punched as 1882 and then corrected to 1883. These varieties are highly sought after by specialists.
Proof Issues: Shield Nickels were struck in proof every year from 1866 to 1883, and these proofs are collected both as individual pieces and as part of complete date sets. Proofs from the later years of the series, particularly 1880-1883, are scarcer and more valuable.
Liberty Nickel 1883-1913
Introduction and Historical Context
The Liberty Head Nickel was introduced in 1883, replacing the Shield Nickel, which had been in circulation since 1866. The U.S. Mint sought to modernize the five-cent coin's design, resulting in the Liberty Head design. The coin was struck during a period of economic growth and industrialization in the United States, and its creation reflected the nation's desire for a more aesthetically pleasing and technically refined coinage.
Designer
The Liberty Head Nickel was designed by Charles E. Barber, who served as the Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint from 1879 to 1917. Barber was responsible for many coin designs during his tenure, including the Barber dime, quarter, and half dollar. His work on the Liberty Head Nickel is characterized by a classical style that was popular in U.S. coinage at the time.
Design Characteristics
Obverse: The obverse of the Liberty Head Nickel features a profile portrait of Liberty facing left, wearing a coronet inscribed with the word "LIBERTY." The design is surrounded by 13 stars, representing the original colonies, and the date is placed at the bottom. Barber's portrayal of Liberty is dignified and echoes the neoclassical style prevalent in his other designs.
Reverse: The reverse design is dominated by a large Roman numeral "V," indicating the denomination of five cents. The "V" is encircled by a wreath of cotton, corn, and wheat, symbolizing agricultural prosperity. The words "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" and "E PLURIBUS UNUM" appear around the wreath. In the first year of issue, 1883, the coin did not initially include the word "CENTS," leading to one of the most famous varieties in U.S. numismatics.
Interesting Historical Facts
The "No CENTS" Variety: In 1883, the first Liberty Head Nickels were struck without the word "CENTS" on the reverse, leading to the so-called "No CENTS" variety. This omission caused a significant problem because unscrupulous individuals began gold-plating these coins and passing them off as five-dollar gold pieces, which had a similar size and design. The Mint quickly responded by adding the word "CENTS" to the reverse, creating the "With CENTS" variety. This change occurred midway through 1883, making both the "No CENTS" and "With CENTS" varieties of that year highly collectible.
Durability and Popularity: The Liberty Head Nickel was struck in the same copper-nickel alloy used in the Shield Nickel, which made it a durable and long-lasting coin. Its straightforward design and widespread circulation made it a staple of everyday commerce in the United States during its 30-year production run.
The 1913 Liberty Nickel: Perhaps the most famous and mysterious U.S. coin is the 1913 Liberty Head Nickel. Only five examples are known to exist, and they were struck without official authorization, likely at the Philadelphia Mint. The 1913 Liberty Nickel was unknown to collectors until it was first displayed by Samuel W. Brown in 1920. The coin's rarity and the intrigue surrounding its creation have made it one of the most valuable and sought-after coins in the world, with each of the five known examples valued in the millions of dollars.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1883 "No CENTS" and "With CENTS": The 1883 issues are key to the Liberty Nickel series due to the mid-year design change. The "No CENTS" variety is highly collectible, particularly in higher grades, and the "With CENTS" variety is sought after as a direct response to the gold-plating fraud.
1885: The 1885 Liberty Nickel is one of the key dates in the series, with a mintage of only 1,472,700. It is considered one of the scarcest dates in the series, especially in uncirculated condition, and commands high premiums.
1886: The 1886 Liberty Nickel is another key date, with a slightly higher mintage than 1885 but still low compared to other years. It is also challenging to find in high grades and is a necessary piece for completing a high-quality set.
1912-S: The 1912-S Liberty Nickel is notable for being the only Liberty Nickel struck at the San Francisco Mint and is the final year of issue for the series. With a mintage of 238,000, it is a key date and highly desirable among collectors.
1913: The 1913 Liberty Nickel, as previously mentioned, is one of the most famous rarities in all of numismatics. Each of the five known examples has a storied history, and they rarely appear at auction, making them a centerpiece of any collection fortunate enough to include one.
Buffalo Nickel 1913-1938
Introduction and Historical Context
The Buffalo Nickel was introduced in 1913 as part of a broader movement to beautify American coinage. It replaced the Liberty Head Nickel, which had been in circulation since 1883. The U.S. Mint sought to create a design that was distinctly American, and the result was a coin that featured both a Native American on the obverse and a bison, commonly referred to as a buffalo, on the reverse.
The coin was struck during a period of national pride and interest in the American frontier, which had largely vanished by the early 20th century. The Buffalo Nickel was seen as a tribute to the Native American peoples and the wildlife of the American Plains.
Designer
The Buffalo Nickel was designed by James Earle Fraser, a prominent American sculptor who had studied under the famous sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens. Fraser’s design is widely considered one of the masterpieces of American coinage. His background as a sculptor is evident in the detailed and robust design of the coin, which stands out even after decades of wear.
Design Characteristics
Obverse: The obverse of the Buffalo Nickel features a composite portrait of a Native American man, which Fraser created by combining the features of several Native American leaders, including Iron Tail (a Sioux chief) and Two Moons (a Cheyenne chief). The inscription "LIBERTY" appears to the right of the portrait, with the date just below.
Reverse: The reverse of the coin features an American bison, often referred to as a buffalo, standing on a mound. The design includes the inscriptions "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA," "E PLURIBUS UNUM," and the denomination "FIVE CENTS" below the buffalo. The bison was modeled after Black Diamond, a buffalo housed at the Central Park Zoo in New York City.
Interesting Historical Facts
The Dual Nature of the Design: The Buffalo Nickel's design was intended to celebrate both the Native American heritage and the wildlife of the American West. Fraser's choice to depict a composite Native American and an American bison made the coin a powerful symbol of a vanishing way of life, even as the country was rapidly modernizing.
Strike Issues: The Buffalo Nickel design, while artistically acclaimed, posed significant challenges during production. The high relief of the design, particularly on the reverse, led to problems with die wear and uneven striking. As a result, many Buffalo Nickels have weak details, especially on the date and the bison’s horn.
Design Modifications: Due to issues with the original design, modifications were made early in the coin’s production. In 1913, the initial Type 1 design, which featured the buffalo standing on a raised mound, was changed to the Type 2 design, where the mound was replaced with a flat ground line, providing more space for the denomination and reducing wear on the inscription "FIVE CENTS."
Popularity and Legacy: Despite its production challenges, the Buffalo Nickel became one of the most popular coins in circulation. Its depiction of an authentic American theme resonated with the public, and the design has been re-used and commemorated multiple times, including on the 2001 American Buffalo Commemorative Coin and the modern American Buffalo gold bullion coin.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1913 Type 1 and Type 2: The Buffalo Nickel was minted with two different reverse designs in 1913. The Type 1 design features the buffalo standing on a raised mound, while the Type 2 design has the buffalo on a flat line. Both types are collectible, with the Type 1 being slightly more common.
1916 Doubled Die Obverse: The 1916 Buffalo Nickel with a doubled die obverse is one of the most famous and sought-after varieties in the series. The doubling is most noticeable on the date and the profile of the Native American. This variety is extremely rare and commands significant premiums, especially in higher grades.
1918/7-D Overdate: The 1918/7-D Buffalo Nickel is another key variety, featuring a prominent overdate where the digit "7" is visible under the "8" in the date. This variety was created when a 1917 die was repunched with the 1918 date. It is one of the most famous overdates in U.S. coinage and is highly desirable among collectors.
1921-S: The 1921-S Buffalo Nickel is a key date due to its low mintage of 1,557,000 coins. It is particularly challenging to find in high grades due to the typically poor strikes from the San Francisco Mint during this period.
1937-D Three-Legged Buffalo: The 1937-D "Three-Legged" Buffalo Nickel is one of the most famous error coins in U.S. history. This variety was created when the die was overpolished, removing one of the buffalo’s legs on the reverse. The coin became a collector’s item almost immediately and remains highly sought after.
1938-D/S: The 1938-D over S variety, where a Denver mintmark was stamped over an earlier San Francisco mintmark, is another popular variety among collectors. It is a well-known repunched mintmark variety and is prized for its distinctiveness.
Jefferson Nickel 1938-Present
Introduction and Historical Context
The Jefferson Nickel was introduced as part of a larger effort to modernize U.S. coinage. By the late 1930s, there was a growing desire to replace the Buffalo Nickel, which had been in circulation since 1913, with a design that would honor one of the nation’s Founding Fathers. The Jefferson Nickel was authorized by Congress in 1938, and its design was selected through a public competition.
Designer
The original Jefferson Nickel was designed by Felix Schlag, a German-American sculptor. Schlag’s design won a competition held by the U.S. Mint, which attracted over 390 entries. His design featured a profile of Thomas Jefferson on the obverse and a depiction of Monticello, Jefferson’s Virginia home, on the reverse. Schlag’s design for the reverse was modified slightly by the Mint to make it more suitable for coinage, particularly in terms of relief and spacing.
Design Characteristics
Obverse (1938-2004): The obverse features a left-facing profile of Thomas Jefferson. The inscription "IN GOD WE TRUST" appears to the left of the portrait, while "LIBERTY" and the date are positioned to the right.
Reverse (1938-2003): The reverse depicts Monticello, Jefferson’s plantation home, with the inscriptions "E PLURIBUS UNUM," "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA," and "FIVE CENTS" around the image. The design is simple and elegant, focusing on the iconic structure of Monticello.
Westward Journey Series (2004-2005): In 2004 and 2005, the Jefferson Nickel underwent temporary design changes to commemorate the bicentennials of the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition. During this period, the obverse was modified to show a different portrait of Jefferson, and four new reverse designs were introduced, including the Peace Medal, Keelboat, American Bison, and Ocean in View.
Return to Monticello (2006-present): In 2006, the coin returned to a design featuring Monticello on the reverse, but with a new obverse portrait of Jefferson, based on a Rembrandt Peale painting, facing forward. This modern design continues to be used today.
Interesting Historical Facts
The Competition and Schlag’s Victory: Felix Schlag's victory in the 1938 design competition is a fascinating story. His original reverse design featured a more detailed and artistic rendition of Monticello, but the Mint modified it to better suit mass production. Schlag’s obverse design remained largely unchanged and became an enduring image on U.S. coinage.
Wartime Composition (1942-1945): During World War II, nickel was a critical material for the war effort, leading to the creation of the "Wartime Nickels." From 1942 to 1945, the Jefferson Nickel was struck in an alloy of 35% silver, 56% copper, and 9% manganese, instead of the usual 75% copper and 25% nickel. These silver "War Nickels" are easily identifiable by the large mintmark placed above Monticello on the reverse, which was the first time a mintmark appeared on a U.S. nickel.
Return to Nickel: After the war, the nickel content was restored in 1946, and the coin returned to its pre-war composition. The large mintmark was removed, and the coin resumed its traditional design, continuing without major changes until the Westward Journey series.
Longest-Running Design: The Jefferson Nickel is one of the longest-running designs in U.S. coinage history, with its core design elements remaining largely unchanged for nearly seven decades. This consistency has made it a mainstay in American coinage.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1939-D and 1939-S Reverse of 1938: The 1939-D and 1939-S Jefferson Nickels are known for having the "Reverse of 1938," which features sharper steps on Monticello. These coins are sought after for their details and are rare in higher grades with fully struck steps.
1942-P, 1942-D, 1943-P, 1944-P, 1945-P War Nickels: The Wartime Nickels, struck in 35% silver, are key coins within the series due to their unique composition. The 1943-P is especially notable for being the only nickel minted in Philadelphia with a large "P" mintmark.
1950-D: The 1950-D Jefferson Nickel is a well-known key date with the lowest mintage in the series, at 2,630,030 coins. It was hoarded shortly after release, making it more available in uncirculated condition, but it remains a key date for collectors.
1964 and 1964-D: While not rare, these nickels are notable because the U.S. Mint produced an unusually large number of them due to the coin shortage of the early 1960s. These years are often found in high grades, but due to their high production, they are not considered rare.
1971-S Proof with No S: This proof variety was struck without the "S" mintmark, making it a significant rarity in the series. Only a small number of these coins were released, making them highly sought after.
2004-2005 Westward Journey Series: These coins are notable for their historical significance and the temporary changes to the Jefferson Nickel design. The 2004 Peace Medal and Keelboat designs, along with the 2005 American Bison and Ocean in View designs, are popular with collectors for their unique imagery and commemoration of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
2009-P and 2009-D: These coins are lower-mintage issues due to the economic recession, making them scarcer in circulation. They are key dates in the modern series and are becoming increasingly sought after in higher grades.
Bust Half-Dime 1792
Introduction and Historical Context
The 1792 Half Disme was struck in the context of the newly formed United States, which was in the process of establishing its own monetary system following independence. The Coinage Act of 1792, passed by Congress on April 2, 1792, established the U.S. Mint and authorized the production of coins. However, the Mint building in Philadelphia was not yet ready for operations, so the first coins were struck in temporary facilities, possibly in the cellar of a saw maker named John Harper.
The Half Disme was among the first coins produced, with an estimated mintage of about 1,500 to 2,000 pieces. These coins were struck in July 1792, just a few months after the Coinage Act was passed. They are believed to have been distributed by Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary of State, and may have been intended as presentation pieces or prototypes rather than for general circulation.
Designer
The 1792 Half Disme is generally attributed to Robert Scot, who would later become the first Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint. However, some numismatic historians believe that other engravers, including Joseph Wright, may have been involved in the design. The design of the Half Disme is simple yet elegant, reflecting the neoclassical style of the period.
Design Characteristics
Obverse: The obverse of the 1792 Half Disme features a bust of Liberty facing left, with flowing hair. The inscription "LIB. PAR. OF SCIENCE & INDUSTRY" (an abbreviation of "Liberty, Parent of Science and Industry") encircles the bust. The date "1792" is prominently displayed below the bust.
Reverse: The reverse design features a small eagle in flight, a design that would later be adapted for other early U.S. coins. The inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" encircles the eagle, with no denomination indicated on the coin.
Interesting Historical Facts
First U.S. Coinage: The 1792 Half Disme is often considered the first official U.S. coin, although some debate exists over whether it was technically a pattern coin or an actual circulating coin. Its status as the first coin struck by the U.S. Mint gives it immense historical significance.
George Washington's Involvement: According to some accounts, George Washington provided the silver for the Half Dismes, supposedly from his own household silverware. This has contributed to the coin's legendary status, although the story's accuracy is debated by historians.
Distribution by Thomas Jefferson: Thomas Jefferson recorded in his diary that he received 1,500 of these coins, which he distributed to dignitaries and used in transactions. This personal involvement of key figures in American history adds to the mystique of the Half Disme.
Prototypes for the U.S. Mint: The 1792 Half Dismes are believed to have served as prototypes for the U.S. Mint's future coinage. They demonstrate the early efforts to establish a federal coinage system and reflect the challenges of producing coins before the Mint was fully operational.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1792: The 1792 Half Disme is a single-year issue, and no varieties were produced. However, its rarity and the historical significance make it one of the most coveted coins in American numismatics. Surviving examples are scarce, with estimates suggesting that only about 250 to 300 pieces are still in existence today, many of which show considerable wear from circulation.
Specimen vs. Circulating Coins: Some Half Dismes are thought to be presentation or specimen pieces, struck with greater care and on specially prepared planchets. These coins tend to have sharper details and a higher level of craftsmanship compared to regular issues, making them even more valuable.
Flowing Hair Half-Dime 1794-1795
Introduction and Historical Context
The Flowing Hair Half Dime was authorized by the Coinage Act of 1792, which established the U.S. Mint and laid the foundation for a standardized national currency. The half dime was the smallest denomination in silver and was intended to facilitate everyday transactions in a country still heavily reliant on foreign coinage.
Minting of the Flowing Hair Half Dime began in 1794, two years after the Mint's founding, as the Mint struggled with limited resources and the challenges of establishing a functioning coin production process. The Flowing Hair design was chosen to symbolize Liberty and the new nation, emphasizing a break from the monarchical symbols of European coins.
Designer
The Flowing Hair Half Dime was designed by Robert Scot, the first Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint. Scot’s design was influenced by neoclassical art, popular in the late 18th century, and aimed to present a simple yet powerful image of Liberty. His work on the Flowing Hair series set the tone for much of the early U.S. coinage.
Design Characteristics
Obverse: The obverse features a bust of Liberty facing right, with flowing hair that gives the series its name. The inscription "LIBERTY" appears above the bust, and the date is positioned below. Thirteen stars encircle Liberty’s bust, representing the original thirteen colonies.
Reverse: The reverse design depicts a small, thin eagle with outstretched wings, perched on a wreath. The inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" encircles the design, with no denomination marked on the coin, as was typical for many early U.S. coins. The design reflects a fledgling nation's aspirations and desire to create distinctively American iconography.
Interesting Historical Facts
First U.S. Half Dime: The Flowing Hair Half Dime is the first official half dime struck by the United States Mint, following the experimental 1792 Half Disme. Its production marked the beginning of small silver coinage in the U.S. and was part of the broader effort to create a standardized national currency.
Challenges in Production: The early Mint faced numerous challenges, including a lack of skilled labor, limited resources, and rudimentary technology. These challenges are reflected in the Flowing Hair Half Dimes, which often show evidence of weak strikes, planchet flaws, and die cracks.
Short-Lived Series: The Flowing Hair design was short-lived, produced only in 1794 and 1795. By 1796, it was replaced by the Draped Bust design, as the Mint sought to refine its coinage and produce coins that were both more durable and aesthetically pleasing.
Transition from Foreign Coinage: The Flowing Hair Half Dime was part of the broader transition away from foreign coins, which were still widely used in everyday commerce in the U.S. The establishment of a domestic coinage system was a significant step in asserting economic independence.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1794: The 1794 Flowing Hair Half Dime is the first year of issue and is particularly significant as one of the earliest U.S. coins. With a mintage of only 7,756 coins, it is rare and highly sought after by collectors. Due to the primitive conditions under which these coins were struck, finding a well-preserved example is a challenge.
1795: The 1795 Flowing Hair Half Dime had a slightly larger mintage of approximately 78,660 coins. However, like the 1794 issue, many examples suffer from weak strikes and other minting defects. The 1795 half dimes are often collected alongside the 1794 coins as part of the complete Flowing Hair series.
Overdates and Varieties: Among the 1795 Flowing Hair Half Dimes, there are several notable varieties, including overdates such as the 1795/4. This variety shows evidence of a 1794 date being repunched with a 1795 date. Overdates are especially prized by collectors for their historical significance and rarity.
Draped Bust Half-Dime 1796-1805
Introduction and Historical Context
The Draped Bust Half Dime was introduced in 1796, just a few years after the establishment of the U.S. Mint. The new design was part of a broader initiative to improve the aesthetics of American coinage, which at the time was still in its infancy. The U.S. Mint, under the direction of Robert Scot, sought to create a more classical and visually appealing coinage that would reflect the young nation's ideals and growing sense of identity.
The Draped Bust design, created by Robert Scot, replaced the Flowing Hair design, which had been criticized for its simplicity and lack of refinement. The Draped Bust series was used across multiple denominations, including the half dime, and became one of the defining images of early American coinage.
Designer
The Draped Bust design is attributed to Robert Scot, the first Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint. Scot’s design was inspired by contemporary European coinage and classical art, which were popular in the neoclassical era. The portrait of Liberty was modeled after a drawing by the artist Gilbert Stuart, who is famous for his portraits of George Washington. Stuart’s drawing was used to create a more elegant and dignified representation of Liberty, which was then adapted by Scot for coinage.
Design Characteristics
Obverse: The obverse of the Draped Bust Half Dime features a bust of Liberty facing right, with flowing hair and a draped gown. The inscription "LIBERTY" appears above the bust, and the date is below. The design is surrounded by stars representing the original thirteen colonies, with the number of stars varying depending on the year.
Reverse: The reverse design initially featured a small eagle surrounded by an open wreath (1796-1797). This design was replaced in 1800 by a heraldic eagle, inspired by the Great Seal of the United States, holding a shield with the inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" encircling the design. The heraldic eagle design remained in use until the series ended in 1805.
Interesting Historical Facts
Transition from Flowing Hair to Draped Bust: The transition from the Flowing Hair to the Draped Bust design marked a significant step in the evolution of U.S. coinage. The Draped Bust design was considered more sophisticated and aligned with the neoclassical aesthetic that was popular in the late 18th century. This change reflected the nation's desire to present a more refined image on its currency.
Limited Mintages and Rarity: The Draped Bust Half Dime series was produced in relatively small quantities, making these coins rare and highly desirable today. The early Mint was still developing its capabilities, and the production of coins was often hampered by limited resources and technical challenges. As a result, surviving examples of Draped Bust Half Dimes are scarce, particularly in higher grades.
Variations in Star Counts: One of the interesting features of the Draped Bust Half Dime is the variation in the number of stars on the obverse. The earliest issues in 1796 featured 15 stars, reflecting the number of states in the Union at the time. In 1797, coins were produced with both 15 and 16 stars, as Tennessee was admitted as the 16th state. Later coins standardized to 13 stars, representing the original colonies.
Changes in Reverse Design: The switch from the small eagle reverse to the heraldic eagle in 1800 was part of a broader effort to standardize U.S. coinage with a more formal and emblematic design. The heraldic eagle design became a standard feature on many U.S. coins of the early 19th century.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1796: The 1796 Draped Bust Half Dime is the first year of issue and one of the most sought-after coins in the series. With a mintage of only 10,230, it is rare in any grade. The 1796 half dime is notable for its 15-star design, making it a key date for collectors.
1797: The 1797 issue is interesting due to the existence of both 15-star and 16-star varieties, reflecting the admission of Tennessee to the Union. The 16-star variety is slightly more common, but both are rare and valuable, particularly in higher grades.
1800-1805 Heraldic Eagle: The introduction of the heraldic eagle reverse in 1800 marks the second phase of the Draped Bust Half Dime series. While these coins are more available than the earlier small eagle varieties, they are still relatively scarce, especially in uncirculated condition. The 1802 half dime is particularly rare, with a mintage of only 3,060, making it one of the most challenging dates in the series.
Overdates and Die Varieties: The Draped Bust Half Dime series includes several interesting overdates and die varieties, which are highly prized by specialists. Examples include the 1796/5 overdate, where the die from a previous year was repunched with the current date. These varieties are rare and add an extra layer of collectibility to the series.
Capped Bust Half-Dime 1829-1837
Introduction and Historical Context
The Capped Bust Half Dime was introduced in 1829, following the end of the Draped Bust Half Dime series in 1805. There was a hiatus in the production of half dimes until 1829, when the Mint resumed production with a new design as part of a broader push to modernize U.S. coinage.
This series was produced during a period of rapid expansion and industrialization in the United States. The Capped Bust design was part of a broader effort to standardize and improve the appearance of American coins, which included the introduction of the closed collar technology that allowed for reeded edges and more uniform coin dimensions.
Designer
The Capped Bust Half Dime was designed by John Reich, a German-born engraver who worked for the U.S. Mint. Reich is credited with the original Capped Bust design, which first appeared on larger silver denominations in 1807. However, the half dime version was adapted and refined by Chief Engraver William Kneass. Reich’s design features a neoclassical representation of Liberty, which became one of the most enduring images in early American coinage.
Design Characteristics
Obverse: The obverse of the Capped Bust Half Dime features a bust of Liberty facing left, wearing a Phrygian cap with the word "LIBERTY" inscribed on the band. Her hair flows out from under the cap, and the design is encircled by thirteen stars representing the original colonies, with the date below the bust.
Reverse: The reverse design features a heraldic eagle, modeled after the Great Seal of the United States. The eagle holds an olive branch and arrows in its talons, symbolizing peace and strength. The inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" encircles the eagle, with the denomination "5 C." below. The reverse design reflects the growing national identity and pride of the young Republic.
Interesting Historical Facts
Closed Collar Technology: The Capped Bust Half Dime was one of the first U.S. coins struck using closed collar technology, which was introduced at the Mint in the late 1820s. This technology allowed for the production of coins with uniform diameters and reeded edges, making them more difficult to counterfeit and improving their durability in circulation.
Improved Coinage Techniques: The introduction of the Capped Bust design coincided with improvements in the Mint’s coining technology, including the use of a steam-powered press. These advances allowed for better strikes and more detailed designs, which are evident in the intricate details of the Capped Bust Half Dimes.
Transition to Seated Liberty: The Capped Bust Half Dime was replaced in 1837 by the Seated Liberty design, which would dominate U.S. silver coinage for the next several decades. The transition marked the end of an era in American coinage, as the Mint moved towards more standardized and mass-produced designs.
Short-Lived Series: The Capped Bust Half Dime series was relatively short-lived, with production spanning less than a decade. This brevity, combined with the improvements in coining technology during this period, makes the series particularly interesting to collectors.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1829: The first year of the Capped Bust Half Dime series is notable for its relatively low mintage of 1,230,000 coins. The 1829 half dimes are sought after by collectors as the inaugural issue of the series, and they are known for their sharp strikes and detailed designs.
1830-1837: These years saw steady production of Capped Bust Half Dimes, with mintages generally increasing over time. Each year offers a variety of die states and minor variations, making the series a rich field for study and specialization. The coins from these years are generally more available than earlier issues, but high-grade examples are still prized.
Overdates and Die Varieties: The Capped Bust Half Dime series is rich with overdates and die varieties, which are highly sought after by specialists. Notable examples include the 1829/7 and 1836/5 overdates, where the die from a previous year was repunched with the current date. These varieties offer insight into the Mint’s practices during this period and are prized for their rarity and historical significance.
Proof Issues: Although regular proof production did not begin until later in the 19th century, a small number of proof Capped Bust Half Dimes were struck as presentation pieces. These proofs are extremely rare and valuable, commanding significant premiums at auction.
Liberty Seated Half-Dime 1837-1873
Introduction and Historical Context
The Liberty Seated Half Dime was introduced in 1837, at a time when the U.S. Mint sought to modernize its coinage. The design was part of a broader initiative that saw the Liberty Seated motif adopted across various silver denominations, including dimes, quarters, and half dollars. The new design was intended to reflect the nation’s growing sense of identity and its commitment to liberty and democracy.
The series was produced during a period of significant economic change in the United States, including the expansion of the nation's infrastructure, the Civil War, and the transition to the post-war economy. The Liberty Seated Half Dime was produced in both Philadelphia and branch mints, providing a rich variety of coins for collectors.
Designer
The Liberty Seated design was created by Christian Gobrecht, the third Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint. Gobrecht, who joined the Mint in 1835, was a skilled engraver and designer whose work had a lasting impact on U.S. coinage. His Liberty Seated design, which depicted Liberty seated on a rock holding a shield and a pole topped with a Liberty cap, was inspired by earlier classical motifs and became a staple of U.S. silver coinage for decades.
Design Characteristics
Obverse: The obverse of the Liberty Seated Half Dime features a depiction of Liberty seated on a rock, holding a shield in her right hand and a Liberty cap on a pole in her left hand. The design is surrounded by 13 stars representing the original colonies, with the date positioned below Liberty.
Reverse: The reverse design varies slightly over the years but generally features the denomination "HALF DIME" encircled by a wreath. The inscriptions "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" appear around the wreath. The wreath design evolved during the series, with different styles used at different times.
Interesting Historical Facts
Long Production Run: The Liberty Seated Half Dime was minted for 36 years, making it one of the longest-running coin series in U.S. history. This long production run provides a wide range of coins for collectors, including numerous varieties and mintmarks.
Minting at Branch Mints: The Liberty Seated Half Dime was produced not only at the Philadelphia Mint but also at branch mints in New Orleans, San Francisco, and, for a brief period, Carson City. Coins from these branch mints are often rarer and more sought after by collectors, especially those from the Carson City Mint, which operated only for a few years.
Design Modifications: The Liberty Seated Half Dime saw several design modifications over its long production run. Notable changes include the addition of stars on the obverse in 1838, the introduction of arrows at the date in 1853 and 1873 to indicate a change in the coin's weight, and the alteration of the reverse wreath design in 1860.
Impact of the Civil War: The production of Liberty Seated Half Dimes was significantly impacted by the Civil War, particularly at the branch mints. For example, the New Orleans Mint ceased production in 1861 after the outbreak of the war, making coins from that year particularly rare and valuable.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1837 No Stars: The first year of issue, 1837, features the original design without stars on the obverse. This variety is highly sought after, especially in high grades, as it represents the first appearance of the Liberty Seated design on U.S. coinage.
1838-O: The 1838-O Liberty Seated Half Dime is the first half dime struck at the New Orleans Mint and the only year the No Stars design was produced there. With a mintage of just 70,000, it is a key date in the series and extremely rare, particularly in higher grades.
1853 Arrows: The 1853 Liberty Seated Half Dime features arrows on either side of the date, indicating a reduction in the coin’s weight to adjust for changes in silver prices. This variety is a significant type coin for the series and is collected both as an individual date and as part of type sets.
1860 Transitional Variety: The 1860 Liberty Seated Half Dime saw a change in the reverse design, with the wreath being modified. The coins from 1860 are known in two major varieties, with the earlier "Old Reverse" and the later "New Reverse." The transitional varieties from this year are of particular interest to collectors.
1870-CC: The 1870-CC Liberty Seated Half Dime, struck at the Carson City Mint, is one of the rarest and most desirable coins in the series. With a mintage of just 20,000, it is a key date that is highly sought after by advanced collectors.
Proof Issues: Proof Liberty Seated Half Dimes were struck in limited quantities, particularly in the later years of the series. Proofs from the 1860s and 1870s, especially those with low mintages, are extremely rare and valuable, making them a highlight of any collection.