Quarter and Twenty Cent
Twenty Cent 1875-1878
Introduction and Historical Context
The Twenty-Cent Piece was authorized by the Coinage Act of 1875, during a period of rapid economic expansion in the United States, particularly in the Western states. The coin was introduced primarily to address the shortage of small change in the West and to provide a convenient substitute for the Spanish 2 reales coin, which was widely circulated and had a similar value.
The denomination was also intended to facilitate transactions by providing a coin that was closer in value to a quarter dollar, yet distinct enough to avoid confusion with other coins. However, this very goal of creating a distinct coin led to one of the Twenty-Cent Piece's most significant issues: its similarity in size and appearance to the quarter dollar.
Designer
The Twenty-Cent Piece was designed by William Barber, the Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint from 1869 to 1879. Barber’s design closely resembled that of the Liberty Seated series, which was already in use on other denominations like the dime, quarter, and half dollar. The decision to use a familiar design was likely intended to create a sense of continuity, but it also contributed to the coin’s unpopularity due to its confusion with the quarter.
Design Characteristics
Obverse: The obverse of the Twenty-Cent Piece features the familiar Liberty Seated design, with Liberty seated on a rock, holding a shield in her right hand and a pole topped with a Liberty cap in her left hand. The inscription "LIBERTY" appears on a ribbon across the shield. The date is positioned below Liberty, with 13 stars encircling the design.
Reverse: The reverse design features an eagle with outstretched wings, clutching an olive branch and arrows in its talons, similar to the reverse of the quarter dollar. The inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" and the denomination "TWENTY CENTS" encircle the design.
Interesting Historical Facts
Confusion with the Quarter: One of the primary reasons for the failure of the Twenty-Cent Piece was its similarity in size and design to the quarter dollar. The two coins were easily confused, leading to public frustration and rejection of the new denomination. The Twenty-Cent Piece was only slightly smaller than the quarter and shared the same Liberty Seated design, which made it difficult to distinguish at a glance.
Limited Circulation: Due to its unpopularity, the Twenty-Cent Piece saw very limited circulation. The U.S. Mint ceased production of the coin for circulation after 1876, although a small number of proof coins were struck in 1877 and 1878. The coin's brief production run and low mintage make it a rarity today.
Role in Western Economy: The Twenty-Cent Piece was primarily introduced to address the needs of the Western economy, where small change was in short supply. However, the coin failed to gain traction even in the West, where it was most needed, further contributing to its rapid demise.
End of the Series: The Twenty-Cent Piece was officially discontinued by an Act of Congress in 1878, after just four years of production. The remaining coins were melted down, and the denomination was never revived.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1875-CC and 1875-S: The 1875 issues from the Carson City (CC) and San Francisco (S) mints are among the most common of the series, though they are still relatively scarce compared to other U.S. coins. The 1875-CC is particularly popular among collectors due to the Carson City mintmark, which is associated with the Wild West era.
1876-CC: The 1876-CC Twenty-Cent Piece is a key date in the series, with a mintage of only 10,000 coins. This issue is highly sought after, especially in higher grades, and it is one of the rarest and most valuable coins in the series.
1877 and 1878 Proofs: No Twenty-Cent Pieces were struck for circulation in 1877 and 1878. However, a small number of proof coins were produced in both years, with mintages of only 510 and 600 coins, respectively. These proofs are extremely rare and valuable, making them the pinnacle of any Twenty-Cent Piece collection.
Varieties: The Twenty-Cent Piece series is known for a few interesting varieties, particularly in the 1875 issues. These include minor variations in die alignment and repunched mintmarks, which are of particular interest to specialists and advanced collectors.
Draped Bust Quarter 1796-1807
Introduction and Historical Context
The Draped Bust Quarter was first introduced in 1796, four years after the Coinage Act of 1792 established the U.S. Mint. The quarter denomination was part of the initial range of coins authorized by the Act, but production of the quarter dollar began later than that of smaller denominations like the half dime and dime. The quarter was a practical denomination for everyday transactions, but the early Mint produced relatively few quarters compared to other coins, making them rarer today.
The Draped Bust design was used across multiple denominations, including the dollar, half dollar, and dime, making it a central design in early U.S. coinage. The series includes two major design types: the Small Eagle reverse (1796) and the Heraldic Eagle reverse (1804-1807).
Designer
The Draped Bust design is attributed to Robert Scot, the first Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint. Scot’s design was influenced by neoclassical art, which was popular at the time, and was likely based on a portrait by the famous American artist Gilbert Stuart. The portrait represents Liberty in a classical style, reflecting the ideals of freedom and democracy that were central to the new American republic.
Design Characteristics
Obverse: The obverse of the Draped Bust Quarter features a bust of Liberty facing right, with her hair tied with a ribbon and flowing behind her. She is draped in a classical gown, hence the name "Draped Bust." The inscription "LIBERTY" appears above the bust, and the date is positioned below. The design is surrounded by stars, representing the original colonies, with the number of stars varying depending on the year.
Reverse (1796 - Small Eagle): The reverse design of the 1796 Draped Bust Quarter features a small, thin eagle surrounded by an open wreath. The inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" encircles the design, with no denomination indicated on the coin. This design is often referred to as the "Small Eagle" reverse.
Reverse (1804-1807 - Heraldic Eagle): In 1804, the reverse design was changed to feature a heraldic eagle, similar to the Great Seal of the United States. The eagle holds a shield, arrows, and an olive branch, symbolizing defense and peace. The inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" encircles the design, with the denomination "25 C." added below. This design is known as the "Heraldic Eagle" reverse.
Interesting Historical Facts
Limited Production: The Draped Bust Quarter was produced in very limited quantities, especially in the early years. The first year of issue, 1796, saw a mintage of only 6,146 coins. The next quarter dollars were not struck until 1804, and even then, mintages remained low. This limited production makes Draped Bust Quarters extremely rare and valuable today.
Transition in Reverse Design: The change from the Small Eagle reverse to the Heraldic Eagle reverse in 1804 was part of a broader effort to standardize U.S. coinage with a more formal and emblematic design. The Heraldic Eagle design was used across several denominations and became a standard feature of early U.S. coins.
High Demand Among Collectors: Due to their rarity and historical significance, Draped Bust Quarters are highly sought after by collectors. Even lower-grade examples are valuable, and high-grade coins can command substantial premiums at auction.
Early U.S. Coinage Challenges: The production of the Draped Bust Quarter, like other early U.S. coins, was hampered by the primitive conditions at the Mint. Many coins were weakly struck, and die varieties are common due to the hand-engraving of dies. These factors contribute to the uniqueness of each surviving example.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1796: The 1796 Draped Bust Quarter is the first year of issue and one of the most significant coins in the series. With a mintage of only 6,146 coins, it is extremely rare and highly prized by collectors. The 1796 quarter features the Small Eagle reverse and is one of the most valuable coins in the Draped Bust series.
1804: The 1804 Draped Bust Quarter marks the first year of the Heraldic Eagle reverse design. With a mintage of 6,738 coins, it is slightly more common than the 1796 issue but still very rare. The 1804 quarter is a key date for collectors, particularly in higher grades.
1805, 1806, and 1807: These later dates of the Draped Bust Quarter series are also collectible, though they are generally more available than the earlier issues. However, they still have relatively low mintages compared to later quarters, making them valuable and sought after, especially in uncirculated condition.
Varieties: The Draped Bust Quarter series includes several interesting varieties, particularly in the number of stars on the obverse and die alignments. Some varieties are extremely rare and add an extra layer of collectibility to the series.
Capped Bust Quarter 1815-1938
Introduction and Historical Context
The Capped Bust Quarter was introduced in 1815, following a hiatus in quarter production that lasted from 1807 to 1814. The War of 1812 and the economic challenges that followed contributed to this gap, as the U.S. Mint focused on producing other denominations to meet the needs of the growing nation. When quarter production resumed in 1815, it featured a new design that reflected the neoclassical style popular at the time.
The series includes two main types: the Large Diameter Capped Bust Quarter (1815-1828) and the Reduced Diameter Capped Bust Quarter (1831-1838). The latter design, which resulted from advancements in minting technology, is smaller in diameter and more uniform in appearance.
Designer
The Capped Bust Quarter was designed by John Reich, a German-born engraver who was hired by the U.S. Mint as an assistant engraver in 1807. Reich’s design features a neoclassical portrayal of Liberty, which became one of the most enduring images in early American coinage. Reich’s design work extended to other denominations as well, including the half dollar and dime.
Design Characteristics
Obverse: The obverse of the Capped Bust Quarter features a bust of Liberty facing left, wearing a Phrygian cap, often referred to as a "Liberty cap." The word "LIBERTY" appears on the headband of the cap, with thirteen stars surrounding the bust, representing the original colonies. The date is positioned below the bust. The design reflects the neoclassical influences that were popular in early 19th-century American art and coinage.
Reverse: The reverse design features a heraldic eagle, with outstretched wings, holding a shield, arrows, and an olive branch. The inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" encircles the eagle, with the denomination "25 C." below. The design is similar to that used on other silver coins of the period and reflects the nation's growing sense of identity and pride.
Interesting Historical Facts
Resumption of Quarter Production: The introduction of the Capped Bust Quarter in 1815 marked the resumption of quarter production after a seven-year hiatus. The U.S. Mint’s focus had been on other denominations, particularly the half dollar, which was the workhorse of American commerce during this period. The Capped Bust design was part of a broader effort to modernize and improve U.S. coinage.
Large and Reduced Diameter Varieties: The Capped Bust Quarter series is divided into two main types based on diameter. The Large Diameter variety (1815-1828) has a diameter of approximately 27 mm, while the Reduced Diameter variety (1831-1838) measures around 24.3 mm. The reduction in size was made possible by advancements in minting technology, including the introduction of the close collar, which allowed for more consistent and uniform coinage.
Minting Technology Advances: The Reduced Diameter Capped Bust Quarters (1831-1838) benefited from technological advances at the Mint, including the use of a steam press and the close collar. These innovations resulted in coins with more uniform dimensions, sharper strikes, and reeded edges, which were more difficult to counterfeit.
Historical Context: The Capped Bust Quarter series was minted during a period of significant growth and development in the United States. The country was expanding westward, and the economy was transitioning from an agrarian base to a more industrialized one. The coins of this era reflect the optimism and progress of the young nation.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1815: The 1815 Capped Bust Quarter is the first year of issue for the series, with a mintage of only 89,235 coins. It is one of the key dates in the series and is highly sought after by collectors. The 1815 quarter is particularly scarce in higher grades, making it a valuable coin in the series.
1822: The 1822 Capped Bust Quarter is one of the rarest dates in the series, with a mintage of just 64,080 coins. This coin is particularly challenging to find in higher grades, and it commands significant premiums at auction.
1823/2 Overdate: The 1823/2 Capped Bust Quarter is a famous overdate variety, where the "2" in the date was punched over a "3." This variety is extremely rare and is one of the most desirable coins in the series. The 1823/2 is a key date and is highly prized by collectors.
1827 Proof Only: The 1827 Capped Bust Quarter is another key date, with only 11 proofs struck. No circulation strikes were produced in 1827, making this one of the rarest U.S. coins. The 1827 proof quarter is considered a major rarity and is one of the most valuable coins in the series.
1831-1838 Reduced Diameter: The Reduced Diameter Capped Bust Quarters, struck from 1831 to 1838, are generally more available than the earlier Large Diameter issues. However, certain dates, such as the 1834 and 1835, can be challenging to find in high grades, especially with sharp details and fully struck design elements.
Liberty Seated Quarter 1838-1891
Introduction and Historical Context
The Liberty Seated Quarter was introduced in 1838, replacing the Capped Bust Quarter, which had been in circulation since 1815. The new design was part of a broader initiative to modernize U.S. coinage, reflecting the nation's growing sense of identity and progress. The Liberty Seated design was used across multiple denominations, including the half dime, dime, half dollar, and dollar.
The series underwent several design modifications over the years, leading to various subtypes that are of great interest to collectors. These modifications often reflected changes in coinage legislation, technological advancements at the Mint, and evolving artistic standards.
Designer
The Liberty Seated design was created by Christian Gobrecht, the third Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint. Gobrecht was a highly skilled engraver and designer, and his work had a lasting impact on U.S. coinage. The Liberty Seated design, which depicted Liberty seated on a rock holding a shield and a pole topped with a Liberty cap, was inspired by earlier classical motifs and became a staple of U.S. silver coinage for decades.
Design Characteristics
Obverse: The obverse of the Liberty Seated Quarter features a full-length figure of Liberty seated on a rock, holding a shield in her right hand and a pole with a Liberty cap in her left hand. The inscription "LIBERTY" appears on a ribbon across the shield. The date is positioned below the figure. The design is surrounded by thirteen stars, representing the original colonies.
Reverse: The reverse design features an eagle with outstretched wings, holding arrows and an olive branch in its talons, symbolizing war and peace. The inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" encircles the design, with the denomination "QUAR. DOL." placed below the eagle.
Interesting Historical Facts
Multiple Design Variants: The Liberty Seated Quarter series includes several distinct design variants, each with its own unique characteristics. These variants include the No Drapery (1838-1840), With Drapery (1840-1891), Arrows and Rays (1853 only), Arrows at Date (1854-1855, 1873-1874), and the Legend Obverse (1866-1891). Each design change was driven by different factors, including legislative changes, the need to adjust the coin's weight, and aesthetic considerations.
Civil War and Reconstruction: The Liberty Seated Quarter was in circulation during the Civil War and the Reconstruction era, periods of significant upheaval and change in the United States. Coins from the Civil War years, especially those minted in the Southern states, are particularly prized by collectors for their historical significance.
Branch Mint Production: The Liberty Seated Quarter was produced at multiple mints, including Philadelphia, New Orleans, San Francisco, and Carson City. Coins from the Carson City Mint (CC) are especially sought after due to their low mintages and the mint's association with the Western frontier.
Long-Running Series: The Liberty Seated Quarter was produced for more than 50 years, making it one of the longest-running designs in U.S. coinage history. Its longevity and the numerous changes it underwent provide a rich field of study for numismatists.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1838 No Drapery: The first year of the Liberty Seated Quarter series, 1838, is notable for the "No Drapery" variety, where Liberty's elbow does not have the drapery that was added in later years. The 1838 No Drapery quarter is a key date and highly collectible, especially in higher grades.
1842 Small Date and Large Date: The 1842 Liberty Seated Quarter features two distinct varieties: the Small Date and the Large Date. The Large Date variety is particularly scarce and commands higher prices, especially in uncirculated condition.
1853 Arrows and Rays: In 1853, arrows were added to the date and rays were added around the reverse design to indicate a reduction in the coin's weight. This design was only used for one year, making the 1853 Arrows and Rays quarter a popular and collectible variety.
1856-S: The 1856-S Liberty Seated Quarter, minted in San Francisco, is a key date with a low mintage of just 286,000 coins. It is particularly scarce in higher grades and is highly sought after by collectors.
1870-CC: The 1870-CC Liberty Seated Quarter, minted in Carson City, is one of the rarest and most valuable coins in the series. With a mintage of only 8,340 coins, it is extremely rare, especially in higher grades. The 1870-CC is a key date and a highlight of any Liberty Seated Quarter collection.
1873-CC No Arrows: The 1873-CC Liberty Seated Quarter with the "No Arrows" variety is one of the rarest coins in U.S. numismatics. Only five examples are known to exist, making it an extremely valuable and highly sought-after coin.
Proof Issues: Proof Liberty Seated Quarters were struck in limited quantities each year, particularly from the 1850s onward. These coins are highly collectible, with certain dates being especially rare and valuable.
Barber Quarter 1892-1916
Introduction and Historical Context
The Barber Quarter was introduced in 1892, replacing the Liberty Seated Quarter, which had been in circulation since 1838. The U.S. Mint decided to redesign its silver coinage in the late 19th century due to growing criticism that the existing designs were outdated. After a public competition to design the new coins failed to produce a satisfactory result, the task was assigned to Charles E. Barber, the Chief Engraver of the Mint.
The Barber Quarter was produced during a period of significant economic growth and industrialization in the United States. The series spans several important historical events, including the Spanish-American War, the beginning of the Progressive Era, and the early 20th century's technological advancements.
Designer
Charles E. Barber, the Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint from 1879 to 1917, designed the Barber Quarter. Barber was a prolific engraver, responsible for numerous coins and medals during his long career. His design for the Barber Quarter was characterized by its simplicity and classical influences, featuring a strong, dignified profile of Liberty. While Barber's designs were sometimes criticized for their lack of artistic flair, they were practical and well-suited to the mass production techniques of the time.
Design Characteristics
Obverse: The obverse of the Barber Quarter features a profile portrait of Liberty facing right, wearing a Phrygian cap with a laurel wreath tied around it. The inscription "LIBERTY" appears on the headband of the cap, and the design is encircled by the words "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" and the date positioned below the bust.
Reverse: The reverse design features a heraldic eagle, adapted from the Great Seal of the United States, with outstretched wings. The eagle holds an olive branch in one talon and a bundle of arrows in the other, symbolizing peace and strength. The inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" encircles the design, with the denomination "QUARTER DOLLAR" below the eagle.
Interesting Historical Facts
Introduction of the Barber Coinage: The Barber Quarter was part of a series of uniform designs that also included the Barber Dime and Barber Half Dollar. This standardization was intended to create a cohesive look across the nation’s silver coinage, with similar designs and inscriptions on all three denominations.
Mixed Public Reception: While the Barber Quarter was practical and well-executed, it was not universally loved by the public or contemporary critics. Some felt that the design lacked the artistic creativity that had characterized earlier coinage. Despite this, the Barber Quarter became a staple of American commerce for over two decades.
Transition to the Standing Liberty Quarter: The Barber Quarter was replaced in 1916 by the Standing Liberty Quarter, designed by Hermon A. MacNeil. The new design was part of a broader effort to modernize U.S. coinage with more artistically ambitious designs, reflecting the changing tastes of the early 20th century.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1892-S: The first year of the Barber Quarter series saw coins struck at the Philadelphia (no mintmark), New Orleans (O), and San Francisco (S) mints. The 1892-S quarter is particularly notable and rare in higher grades.
1896-S: The 1896-S Barber Quarter is one of the key dates in the series. With a mintage of just 188,039 coins, it is rare in all grades and highly sought after by collectors. It is especially challenging to find in uncirculated condition, where it commands significant premiums.
1901-S: The 1901-S Barber Quarter is perhaps the most famous and valuable coin in the series. With a mintage of only 72,664 coins, it is extremely rare, particularly in higher grades. The 1901-S is considered one of the "Big Three" key dates in the Barber coinage, alongside the 1894-S Barber Dime and the 1913-S Barber Half Dollar.
1913-S: The 1913-S Barber Quarter is another key date, with a mintage of 40,000 coins. It is the lowest mintage of the series, making it extremely rare and valuable, particularly in higher grades.
Proof Issues: Proof Barber Quarters were struck each year from 1892 to 1915, with mintages generally ranging from 400 to 1,000 coins. Proof examples are highly prized by collectors for their sharp details and reflective surfaces. Certain dates are particularly rare and valuable.
Standing Liberty Quarter 1916-1930
Introduction and Historical Context
The Standing Liberty Quarter was introduced in 1916 as part of a coinage redesign initiative that also included the Mercury Dime and the Walking Liberty Half Dollar. These new designs were intended to replace the more utilitarian Barber coinage with coins that reflected America's growing sense of identity and artistic ambition. The Standing Liberty Quarter was particularly notable for its portrayal of Liberty, symbolizing both peace and readiness for defense, at a time when the United States was on the brink of entering World War I.
The Standing Liberty Quarter remained in production until 1930, after which it was replaced by the Washington Quarter in 1932. The series spanned significant events in American history, including World War I and the Roaring Twenties, making it a coin that resonates with collectors and historians alike.
Designer
The Standing Liberty Quarter was designed by Hermon A. MacNeil, an accomplished American sculptor who studied under renowned artists like Augustus Saint-Gaudens. MacNeil's design was chosen after a competition organized by the U.S. Mint, which sought new, artistically sophisticated designs for the dime, quarter, and half dollar.
Design Characteristics
Obverse (Type 1): The obverse of the Standing Liberty Quarter features a full-length figure of Liberty standing in a gateway, holding a shield in her left hand and an olive branch in her right. The inscription "LIBERTY" appears above her head, with the motto "IN GOD WE TRUST" to the right and the date below her feet. The design is rich in symbolism, with Liberty standing as a guardian of peace but prepared for war.
Reverse (Type 1): The reverse design of the Type 1 Standing Liberty Quarter features an eagle in flight, surrounded by thirteen stars representing the original colonies. The inscriptions "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" and "E PLURIBUS UNUM" encircle the design, with the denomination "QUARTER DOLLAR" below.
Type 2 Modifications: In 1917, the design was modified to cover Liberty's exposed right breast, following public outcry. This led to the creation of the Type 2 Standing Liberty Quarter, where chain mail was added to Liberty's upper body for modesty. Additionally, the stars on the reverse were repositioned below the eagle, and other minor adjustments were made to improve the overall design.
Interesting Historical Facts
Introduction During World War I: The Standing Liberty Quarter was introduced just as the United States was preparing to enter World War I. The design of Liberty, with her shield and olive branch, reflected the nation's desire for peace but readiness for conflict, making the coin a symbol of America's role in the world at that time.
Controversy and Redesign: The original Type 1 design, which featured a partially nude Liberty, sparked controversy among some members of the public and Congress. The criticism led to the 1917 redesign, where Liberty was covered with chain mail. This redesign is one of the most famous changes in U.S. coinage history.
Short-Lived Series: The Standing Liberty Quarter was only minted for 15 years, making it a relatively short-lived series compared to other U.S. coins. Its brief production run, combined with its artistic appeal, has made it a favorite among collectors.
Introduction of the Washington Quarter: The Standing Liberty Quarter was replaced in 1932 by the Washington Quarter, which was introduced to commemorate the 200th anniversary of George Washington's birth. The Washington Quarter was originally intended to be a one-year commemorative issue but became the standard quarter design, ending the production of the Standing Liberty series.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1916: The 1916 Standing Liberty Quarter is the first year of issue and one of the most sought-after coins in the series. With a mintage of only 52,000 coins, it is extremely rare and commands significant premiums, especially in higher grades. The 1916 quarter is a Type 1 design, making it even more desirable to collectors.
1917 Type 1 and Type 2: The 1917 Standing Liberty Quarter was produced in both the original Type 1 design and the modified Type 2 design, making it a year of great interest to collectors. Both varieties are collectible, with the Type 1 being slightly more popular due to its historical significance.
1918/7-S Overdate: The 1918/7-S Standing Liberty Quarter is one of the most famous overdates in U.S. coinage. The overdate occurred when a 1917 die was repunched with the 1918 date, creating a visible "7" beneath the "8." This variety is extremely rare and highly sought after by collectors.
1921: The 1921 Standing Liberty Quarter is a key date in the series due to its low mintage of 1,916,000 coins. It is particularly scarce in higher grades and is a must-have for collectors assembling a complete set.
1923-S: The 1923-S Standing Liberty Quarter is another key date, with a mintage of 1,360,000 coins. Like the 1921 issue, it is challenging to find in higher grades, making it a valuable coin in the series.
1930-S: The 1930-S Standing Liberty Quarter is the final year of issue for the series, with a relatively low mintage of 1,556,000 coins. It is particularly sought after in uncirculated condition.
Washington Quarter 1932-1998
Introduction and Historical Context
The Washington Quarter was introduced in 1932 as part of the bicentennial celebration of George Washington's birth. The coin was designed as a tribute to the first President of the United States, reflecting his enduring legacy in American history. The U.S. Mint initially planned for the Washington Quarter to be a one-year commemorative coin, but it was so well-received that it became the permanent design for the quarter, replacing the Standing Liberty Quarter.
The Washington Quarter has seen significant historical events during its circulation, including the Great Depression, World War II, the post-war economic boom, and the social changes of the late 20th century. The coin also transitioned from a 90% silver composition to a copper-nickel clad composition during this period, reflecting changes in U.S. coinage policies.
Designer
The Washington Quarter was designed by John Flanagan, a prominent American sculptor and engraver. Flanagan was chosen to design the coin after winning a competition held by the U.S. Treasury Department. His design was based on a bust of George Washington created by French sculptor Jean-Antoine Houdon, which is widely considered one of the most accurate likenesses of Washington.
Design Characteristics
Obverse: The obverse of the Washington Quarter features a left-facing profile of George Washington, based on Houdon’s bust. The word "LIBERTY" appears above Washington’s head, with the motto "IN GOD WE TRUST" to the left and the date below. Flanagan’s design was intended to be both dignified and simple, capturing Washington’s strength and character.
Reverse (1932-1974): The reverse design features an eagle with outstretched wings perched on a bundle of arrows, symbolizing strength and preparedness, with two olive branches beneath, representing peace. The inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" and "E PLURIBUS UNUM" encircle the design, with the denomination "QUARTER DOLLAR" at the bottom.
Bicentennial Reverse (1975-1976): In 1975 and 1976, to celebrate the bicentennial of American independence, the Washington Quarter featured a special reverse design by Jack L. Ahr. This design depicted a colonial drummer boy with a torch and 13 stars in the background, replacing the traditional eagle design. The dual-date "1776-1976" was placed on the obverse.
Interesting Historical Facts
Introduction During the Great Depression: The Washington Quarter was introduced during one of the most challenging periods in American history—the Great Depression. Despite the economic hardships, the coin was well-received and became a symbol of national pride.
Transition from Silver to Clad Composition: From 1932 to 1964, the Washington Quarter was struck in 90% silver. However, due to rising silver prices and the need to conserve the metal, the U.S. Mint transitioned to a copper-nickel clad composition in 1965. The silver quarters are highly sought after by collectors, particularly in uncirculated condition.
Bicentennial Quarters: In 1975 and 1976, the U.S. Mint issued special Bicentennial quarters with a unique reverse design. These coins were minted in large quantities and are popular among collectors for their historical significance.
Long-Running Design: The Washington Quarter design remained largely unchanged from 1932 to 1998, making it one of the longest-running coin designs in U.S. history. The coin was eventually replaced by the State Quarters series in 1999, which featured rotating designs representing each U.S. state.
Key Dates and Rare Varieties
1932-D and 1932-S: The first year of the Washington Quarter series saw coins struck at the Denver (D) and San Francisco (S) mints. These coins are the key dates in the series, with low mintages of 436,800 (D) and 408,000 (S). They are rare in all grades, especially in uncirculated condition, and command significant premiums.
1934 Doubled Die Obverse: The 1934 Washington Quarter has a famous doubled die obverse variety, where the doubling is visible on the motto "IN GOD WE TRUST." This variety is rare and highly sought after by collectors.
1942-D Over Horizontal D: The 1942-D Washington Quarter features a notable variety where the "D" mintmark was punched over a horizontal "D." This variety is rare and adds an extra layer of collectibility to the series.
1950-D/S and 1950-S/D Mintmark Varieties: These varieties feature a "D" mintmark punched over an "S" or vice versa, creating an unusual and collectible error. Both varieties are rare and command premiums.
1964-D Doubled Die Reverse: The 1964-D Washington Quarter has a well-known doubled die reverse variety, where the doubling is visible on the lettering and the eagle's tail feathers. This variety is particularly valuable in higher grades.
Proof Issues (1936-1964): Proof Washington Quarters were struck in limited quantities during this period, with particularly low mintages in the early years. These proof coins are highly prized by collectors for their sharp details and reflective surfaces.
Washington 50 States (1999-2008)
Introduction and Historical Context
The 50 States Quarters program was authorized by the 50 States Commemorative Coin Program Act, signed into law by President Bill Clinton on December 1, 1997. The program was the brainchild of Mint Director Philip Diehl and was designed to increase public interest in coin collecting, while also honoring the history and heritage of each state.
The program was structured to release five quarters each year, beginning in 1999 and concluding in 2008. The quarters were released in the order that the states were admitted to the Union, starting with Delaware and ending with Hawaii. Each quarter featured the traditional portrait of George Washington on the obverse, while the reverse showcased a design emblematic of the state it represented.
The 50 States Quarters program was a massive success, attracting both new and seasoned collectors. It is estimated that nearly half of the U.S. population collected these quarters in some form, making it the most widely collected coin series in history.
Designer
The obverse of the 50 States Quarters retained the portrait of George Washington designed by John Flanagan in 1932. However, the portrait was slightly modified by Mint engraver William Cousins to fit the new reverse designs and improve the overall appearance of the coin.
Each state’s reverse design was created through a collaborative process involving state governors, artists, and the U.S. Mint. States submitted design concepts, which were then refined by the Mint’s artists before being approved by the Secretary of the Treasury.
Design Characteristics
Obverse: The obverse of the 50 States Quarters features a left-facing portrait of George Washington, slightly modified from John Flanagan’s original design. The inscriptions "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA," "LIBERTY," "IN GOD WE TRUST," and the denomination "QUARTER DOLLAR" appear around the portrait.
Reverse: Each reverse design is unique to the state it represents. The designs vary widely, featuring symbols, landmarks, historical events, and notable figures associated with each state. The name of the state and the year it was admitted to the Union are inscribed at the top, with the date of issue and the motto "E PLURIBUS UNUM" at the bottom.
Interesting Historical Facts
Public Involvement: The 50 States Quarters program was notable for its high level of public involvement. Each state was encouraged to engage its citizens in the design process, often holding contests or soliciting input from the public to determine the final design.
Economic Impact: The program generated significant revenue for the U.S. Mint. The quarters were produced in large quantities, and many were saved by collectors rather than being circulated, effectively acting as a profit center for the Mint.
Revitalization of Coin Collecting: The 50 States Quarters program revitalized interest in coin collecting in the United States. Many people, including children and casual collectors, began collecting the quarters, leading to a resurgence in the hobby.
Educational Value: The program also had educational benefits, as it encouraged people to learn more about the history, geography, and culture of each state. Many schools used the quarters as a teaching tool in classrooms.
Key Dates and Certain Rare Varieties
1999 Delaware Quarter (Spitting Horse): One of the most famous error varieties in the 50 States Quarters series is the "Spitting Horse" Delaware Quarter. This variety features a die crack extending from the horse’s mouth to the edge of the coin, creating the appearance that the horse is "spitting." It is a popular variety among collectors.
2004-D Wisconsin Quarter (Extra Leaf Varieties): The 2004-D Wisconsin Quarter has two well-known error varieties: the "Extra Leaf High" and "Extra Leaf Low" varieties. These errors involve an extra leaf on the left side of the ear of corn on the reverse, which was likely caused by a die gouge. Both varieties are highly sought after by collectors.
2005 Minnesota Quarter (Doubled Die): The 2005 Minnesota Quarter is known for its doubled die reverse varieties, where the trees on the right side of the coin exhibit doubling. There are several different doubled die varieties for this quarter, with varying degrees of doubling.
1999-2008 Proof Sets: The U.S. Mint produced proof sets of the 50 States Quarters in both clad and silver versions. These proof coins are struck with a higher level of detail and have a mirror-like finish. The silver proof sets, which contain quarters struck in 90% silver, are particularly popular among collectors.
Washington DC and US Territories 2009
Introduction and Historical Context
After the conclusion of the 50 States Quarters Program in 2008, there was significant public interest in continuing the commemorative quarter series. In response, Congress passed legislation authorizing the District of Columbia and U.S. Territories Quarters Program, which was designed to honor areas of the United States that had not been included in the original program. These quarters were issued in 2009 and featured six unique reverse designs, each representing one of the six areas.
The 2009 quarters were minted during a period of economic recession, which influenced both production and circulation patterns. Despite the challenging economic environment, the quarters were well-received by collectors and the general public.
Designer
The obverse of the 2009 quarters retained the familiar portrait of George Washington, designed by John Flanagan in 1932 and slightly modified over the years. The reverse designs for each quarter were created by various artists and sculptors, selected through a process involving the U.S. Mint, representatives from the respective areas, and the Commission of Fine Arts.
Design Characteristics
Obverse: The obverse of the 2009 quarters features the portrait of George Washington, originally designed by John Flanagan. The inscriptions "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA," "LIBERTY," "IN GOD WE TRUST," and the denomination "QUARTER DOLLAR" are present, with the mintmark to the right of Washington’s bust.
Reverse: Each reverse design is unique to the area it represents:
District of Columbia: Features a depiction of Duke Ellington seated at a grand piano, with the inscription "JUSTICE FOR ALL" below. Designed by Joel Iskowitz and sculpted by Don Everhart.
Puerto Rico: Features a sentry box and the inscription "ISLA DEL ENCANTO," meaning "Island of Enchantment." Designed by Joseph Menna.
Guam: Features an outline of the island with a flying proa (a type of boat) and a latte stone, a symbol of Chamorro culture. Designed by David Westwood.
American Samoa: Features the ava bowl, whisk, and staff, traditional symbols of the authority of the Samoan chiefs. Designed by Stephen Clark.
U.S. Virgin Islands: Features the three islands that make up the U.S. Virgin Islands, with the inscription "VIRGIN ISLANDS OF THE UNITED STATES." Designed by Joseph Menna.
Northern Mariana Islands: Features a latte stone, a Carolinian canoe, and two white fairy terns (native birds). Designed by Richard Masters.
Interesting Historical Facts
Continuation of the Commemorative Tradition: The 2009 quarters continued the tradition of commemorative coinage established by the 50 States Quarters Program. This program was the first to feature designs for the District of Columbia and U.S. territories, providing representation for areas not included in the original 50 states.
Economic Context: The quarters were issued during the Great Recession, a time when the U.S. economy was struggling. This economic downturn affected coin production, with lower mintages for some issues compared to previous years. Despite this, the quarters were widely collected and saved.
Public Engagement: As with the 50 States Quarters Program, the 2009 quarters involved input from local communities and officials, ensuring that the designs accurately reflected the heritage and culture of each area.
Transition to America the Beautiful Quarters: The 2009 quarters were followed by the America the Beautiful Quarters Program, which began in 2010. This series continued the focus on commemorative designs, featuring national parks and other significant sites across the United States.
Key Dates and Certain Rare Varieties
Low Mintage: The 2009 quarters generally had lower mintages compared to the 50 States Quarters, due to the economic recession. While not exceedingly rare, these coins are less common in circulation and are often sought after by collectors.
Proof Issues: The U.S. Mint produced proof sets for the 2009 quarters in both clad and silver versions. These proof coins are struck with a higher level of detail and have a mirror-like finish, making them particularly attractive to collectors.
Error Coins: As with any series, there are some error coins from the 2009 quarters, including minor die varieties and striking errors. These are of interest to collectors who specialize in errors and varieties.
Washington American the Beautiful Quarters (2010-2021)
Introduction and Historical Context
The America the Beautiful Quarters Program was authorized by the America's Beautiful National Parks Quarter Dollar Coin Act of 2008. The program was inspired by the success of the 50 States Quarters and was designed to promote the natural beauty and historical significance of America's national parks and sites. The series was launched in 2010 and continued for 12 years, with five different quarters released each year.
The program concluded in 2021, with the release of the final quarter featuring the Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in Alabama. The America the Beautiful Quarters Program not only continued the tradition of commemorative quarter designs but also brought renewed focus on America's natural and cultural heritage.
Designer
The obverse of the America the Beautiful Quarters retained the familiar portrait of George Washington, designed by John Flanagan in 1932 and slightly modified over the years. The reverse designs for each quarter were created by various artists and sculptors, selected through a process involving the U.S. Mint, the National Park Service, and other stakeholders.
Design Characteristics
Obverse: The obverse of the America the Beautiful Quarters features the portrait of George Washington, based on John Flanagan’s original design. The inscriptions "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA," "LIBERTY," "IN GOD WE TRUST," and the denomination "QUARTER DOLLAR" are present, with the mintmark to the right of Washington’s bust.
Reverse: Each reverse design is unique to the national park or site it represents. The designs feature a wide range of imagery, from natural landscapes and wildlife to historic buildings and cultural symbols. The name of the site, the state or territory it is located in, and the year of issue are inscribed on each coin, along with the motto "E PLURIBUS UNUM."
Interesting Historical Facts
Longest-Running Quarter Program: The America the Beautiful Quarters Program spanned 12 years, making it one of the longest-running quarter series in U.S. history. The program featured 56 unique designs, representing each state, the District of Columbia, and five U.S. territories.
Public Involvement and Design Process: The selection of sites and designs involved significant public input and collaboration with the National Park Service and other relevant organizations. Each design went through a rigorous review process to ensure that it accurately represented the significance of the site.
Collector Interest: Like the 50 States Quarters Program, the America the Beautiful Quarters attracted a wide range of collectors. Many people sought to collect all 56 designs, often in both circulation and proof finishes. The series also sparked interest in the sites depicted, encouraging people to learn more about America's natural and historical treasures.
Silver Bullion Versions: In addition to the standard quarters, the U.S. Mint also produced America the Beautiful Quarters in a larger 5-ounce silver bullion format. These coins featured the same designs but were struck in .999 fine silver, making them popular among bullion collectors.
Key Dates and Certain Rare Varieties
2010 Hot Springs Quarter (Arkansas): The first coin in the series, the 2010 Hot Springs National Park Quarter, is notable as the inaugural release. While not rare, it is significant as the start of the series and is often collected alongside the final 2021 coin.
2012 Hawaii Volcanoes Quarter: The 2012 Hawaii Volcanoes Quarter is popular for its striking design, which features an active volcano spewing lava. This quarter has become a favorite among collectors due to its dynamic imagery.
2014 Great Smoky Mountains Quarter (Tennessee): The 2014 Great Smoky Mountains Quarter is known for its beautifully detailed depiction of a historic log cabin and the surrounding natural landscape. This coin is highly regarded for its artistry.
2019-W Quarters: In 2019, the U.S. Mint released a special series of America the Beautiful Quarters with the "W" mintmark, signifying the West Point Mint. These quarters were struck in limited quantities and released directly into circulation, making them highly sought after by collectors. The 2019-W quarters were issued for all five designs released that year.
2020 Salt River Bay Quarter (U.S. Virgin Islands): The 2020 Salt River Bay Quarter is notable for its depiction of a red mangrove tree, symbolizing the rich natural environment of the U.S. Virgin Islands. This quarter is also significant as one of the last releases in the series.
Proof and Silver Proof Sets: As with previous quarter programs, the U.S. Mint produced proof sets and silver proof sets of the America the Beautiful Quarters. These coins are struck with higher detail and have a mirror-like finish, making them particularly attractive to collectors. The silver proof sets are especially popular due to their 90% silver content.
Washington Women Quarters 2022-2025
Introduction and Historical Context
The American Women Quarters Program was authorized by the Circulating Collectible Coin Redesign Act of 2020, which was signed into law by President Donald Trump on January 13, 2021. The program was designed to celebrate the accomplishments of American women who have played pivotal roles in shaping the nation's history and culture. The quarters are released annually from 2022 to 2025, with a new set of five women being honored each year.
This program follows the successful 50 States Quarters, America the Beautiful Quarters, and other commemorative coin programs that have brought significant public interest to U.S. coinage. The American Women Quarters Program not only highlights the achievements of these women but also serves as a tool for education and cultural appreciation.
Designer
The obverse of the American Women Quarters features a new portrayal of George Washington, designed by Laura Gardin Fraser, a renowned sculptor and the first woman to design a U.S. coin. Fraser's design was originally submitted in 1932 for the Washington Quarter but was not selected at that time. It was finally chosen for this series, marking a significant moment in the history of U.S. coinage.
The reverse designs for each quarter are created by various artists from the U.S. Mint’s Artistic Infusion Program (AIP) and sculpted by the Mint’s engraving team. Each design is specific to the woman being honored and reflects her contributions to American society.
Design Characteristics
Obverse: The obverse of the American Women Quarters features a left-facing portrait of George Washington, based on Laura Gardin Fraser’s design. The inscriptions "LIBERTY," "IN GOD WE TRUST," and the year of issue are present on the obverse, along with the mintmark.
Reverse: The reverse design varies for each quarter, featuring a portrait or symbolic representation of the woman being honored. The designs are accompanied by the name of the woman, the name of the country, and the motto "E PLURIBUS UNUM."
Interesting Historical Facts
First U.S. Coin Series to Focus on Women: The American Women Quarters Program is the first U.S. coin series to exclusively feature women on the reverse. This initiative highlights the often-overlooked contributions of women to American history and aims to inspire future generations.
Laura Gardin Fraser’s Washington Portrait: The obverse design by Laura Gardin Fraser is particularly noteworthy because it was originally proposed for the 1932 Washington Quarter but was not selected. Its inclusion in the American Women Quarters Program brings her work to the forefront and honors her legacy as a pioneering female artist in U.S. coinage.
Educational Impact: The program serves as an educational tool, teaching the public about the achievements of these women and their influence on American history. The quarters are also intended to spark discussions about gender equality and the importance of diversity in historical narratives.
Public and Artistic Input: The selection of women featured in the program involved significant public input, with nominations being solicited from the public and reviewed by the Secretary of the Treasury. The designs were then created by the Mint’s artists, ensuring that they accurately represent the achievements and legacy of each honoree.
Key Dates and Certain Rare Varieties
2022 Quarters: The first year of the program, 2022, features Maya Angelou, Dr. Sally Ride, Wilma Mankiller, Nina Otero-Warren, and Anna May Wong. These quarters are the first in the series and are highly collectible as they mark the beginning of this historic program.
2023 Quarters: The 2023 quarters feature Bessie Coleman, Edith Kanaka'ole, Eleanor Roosevelt, Jovita Idar, and Maria Tallchief. As the second set in the series, these quarters continue the tradition of honoring women from diverse backgrounds and fields.
Low Mintage or Special Editions: While it is too early to determine if any specific quarters from the American Women Quarters Program will have low mintages or rare varieties, collectors often pay close attention to early errors, special finishes, or limited-edition releases that could become key dates in the future.
Proof and Silver Proof Sets: The U.S. Mint produces proof sets and silver proof sets of the American Women Quarters. These sets are popular among collectors for their higher detail and mirror-like finishes. The silver proof sets, containing quarters struck in 99.9% fine silver, are particularly sought after.